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<h2><b>Embedded with the “Tupamaros” </b></h2><font size=3>April 23rd
2008, by George Cicariello-Maher <br>
<i>Parroquía 23 de Enero, Caracas.<br><br>
</i>It is a Friday night in Caracas, Venezuela. We are standing in the
back of a pickup truck surrounded by dozens of motorcycles, tearing
through the streets of Catia, the massive slum area that makes up nearly
half the population of the city. On the motorcycles, revolutionaries
young and old, women and men, some masked and waving flags, weave back
and forth, sometimes ahead of the truck, sometimes behind. Two large
speakers are blaring songs by revolutionary folk musician Alí Primera
while a voice calls on the community to halt the repression of its most
radical elements. <br><br>
Fliers are distributed by throwing entire handfuls toward the crowded
sidewalks. The motorcycles surge ahead, down narrow barrio streets, to
coordinate the progress of the truck and the many cars following it in
the caravan, as they make their way through the sometimes clogged
streets. Occasionally there is confusion: we cannot pass this way, and
the truck is slowly turned around as onlookers, some awestruck some
annoyed, watch from the crowded sidewalks. The caravan pauses
occasionally, occupying an entire intersection for several minutes,
chanting revolutionary slogans:<br>
</font>
<dl>
<dd>Now more than ever, we are united,<br>
<dd>radical groups and popular militias<br><br>
</dl>And, in reference to the historically-revolutionary neighborhood
that most of these groups call home:<br>
<dl>
<dd>23 de Enero, people’s army<br><br>
</dl>Each time we stop, a motorcyclist dismounts to set up an apparatus,
makeshift but sturdy, for launching giant bottle rockets into the sky.
The deafening explosions only heighten the drama of the caravan. At one
point, a young teenager darts past with what looks like a bundle of
burlap. A perimeter is cleared, and he lights what turns out to be a
massive firework, but one which detonates on the street rather than in
the air. The explosion is deafening. It looks like an earth-bound
supernova.<br><br>
For more than two hours we wind through these streets, fumes from the
motorcycles and the generator burning my throat and eyes. But I am seeing
areas that would be impossible for me to visit without the security
offered by these revolutionary militias, these “Tupamaros.”<br><br>
The Myth of the “Tupamaros”<br><br>
</b>The late 1970s saw a waning of the Venezuelan guerrilla struggle,
weakened by defeats on both the military and political fronts. Strategic
errors and state repression had left what few armed units remained almost
entirely isolated from any kind of mass political base. A period of
reflection and self-criticism ensued, with some former revolutionaries
seeking to reconnect with the masses through new electoral movements like
Teodoro Petkoff’s Movement Toward Socialism (MAS) or Alfredo Maneiro’s
more grassroots Radical Cause (LCR).<br><br>
This emergence from the shadows of clandestinity, however, did little to
temper state violence: rather, as longtime revolutionary Roland Denis
puts it, the 1980s saw a “socialization of violence.” As the state’s
capacity to provide necessary services declined alongside oil prices,
popular protest was met with hot lead, most prominently in the 1989
Caracazo riots, which saw as many as 3,000 slaughtered in the poorest
barrios. <br><br>
It was in this context of repression that the Venezuelan popular militia
movement was born. Neither entirely clandestine nor fully open, small
groups began to spring up to defend local barrios from both the state and
the burgeoning parallel violence of narcotrafficking. Small groups,
masked and armed, began to make semi-public appearances, giving an
ultimatum to local drug-dealers: either you stop selling drugs or you’ll
be killed. The police, too, found themselves all the more frequently
victims of armed ambushes and shootouts with masked militias. In order to
explain this phenomenon, the police, government officials, and even more
appreciative local residents adopted a single moniker, derived from the
Uruguayan urban guerrilla struggle: in mythical fashion, these militias
were deemed “Tupamaros.”<br><br>
This became a new code word for both sides: the police used the term to
denigrate, local residents to express an amalgam of respect, awe, and
uneasiness, and the militants themselves to symbolically unify their
struggle into one. This symbolic unification would become formal in 1993,
with the establishment of the Simón Bolívar Coordinator. Its function lay
in the name: this was a broad organization whose goal was to coordinate
and unify the activities of the various armed militia collectives that
had emerged spontaneously in response to the rising tide of state and
para-state violence. <br><br>
In response to Hugo Chávez’s decision to run for the presidency in 1998,
the Coordinator began once more to give way to a variety of perspectives
and tactics. Some collectives sought to maintain absolute autonomy from
the electoral arena, others like the remaining Coordinator and more
recently the Alexis Vive Collective have accepted positions of
non-electoral support in exchange for state funding, and finally some
entered more directly into the electoral arena.<br><br>
Somewhat ironically, it was the latter group, under the leadership of
José Pinto, that chose to maintain the Tupamaro name. This electoral
strategy was not without its gains: after supporting Chavista candidate
Alexis Toledo, Pinto himself would be named police chief of Vargas State.
But the use of the Tupamaro name for electoral politics would not go down
well among some revolutionary sectors of 23 de Enero, and after 1998
Pinto found himself increasingly less welcome. One such critical
revolutionary explains the resulting irony as follows: “Today, everyone
is a Tupamaro, and yet the Tupamaros as an organized formation don’t
exist in 23 de Enero.” <br><br>
Radio Combativo 23<br><br>
</b>Our day began in a much less exciting way. We had managed to arrange
a meeting with members of the Radio 23 Collective, the first community
radio station to operate in the revolutionary parroquía of 23 de Enero
upon its founding exactly four years ago. Unlike state-sponsored
stations, Radio 23 operates on a shoestring budget. Each member
contributes around $2 a week, and most are behind several weeks’ payments
for lack of work. Despite such financial difficulties, however, the
station broadcasts 24 hours a day, an incredible feat that collective
members attribute to the “magic” of their technician, who has managed to
construct a homemade transmitter that has never crashed.<br><br>
“We are itinerant,” they tell me, “of the 9 sectors of 23 de Enero, we
have operated in 8.” Most recently, the collective set up shop in the
zone of Cristo Rey. As we walk up the gentle hill that crosses from Monte
Piedad to Cristo Rey, we pass a massive mural painted by another local
revolutionary collective, La Piedrita. It is Jesus holding an AK-47,
above an inscription that reads, “Christ supports armed struggle.” One of
the oldest in the zone, the La Piedrita Collective has been operating for
22 years, and its members patrol the sector in a bright red, military
style personnel carrier. <br><br>
While the zone surrounding La Piedrita was pacified by the armed militia
long ago, Cristo Rey is another story altogether. Tucked beneath the
climbing barrios of Sierra Maestra, El Mirador, and El Observatorio,
Cristo Rey was until six months ago a deadly warzone. “If you had a
problem with someone,” collective members explain, “they would shoot you
right here and dump your body in the ditch around the corner.” While much
of the prevailing violence was drug-related, members of the Radio 23
collective are quick to point out that drug violence and state repression
are really one and the same: “It was the Metropolitan Police and the
National Guard who were bringing the drugs in in the first place and
overseeing their distribution. To fight the narcos was to fight the
police at the same time.” <br><br>
When the collective set up shop, the first thing they did was to install
the large power cables necessary for running a radio station. This was
done at 11pm, and by 6am, the cable had been stolen. “That was the last
thing that was stolen from us.” Members of the collective confronted
local malandros (delinquents) and indigentes (homeless). “It was a
dialogue, but one with consequences,” with the threat of force always
implied. Almost immediately, the zone was secured, and there has only
been one death in the entire area since. “The community is very
appreciative,” we are told, and they even approach the Collective to sort
out their basic demands, for example when the subsidized Mercal
supermarket isn’t selling the amount of chicken they are supposed
to.<br><br>
But Radio Combativo 23 is more than merely a radio station: its members
were among the more than 30 revolutionary collectives that recently
called an armed blockade of the entire parroquía of 23 de Enero.<br><br>
“Todos Somos Juancho”<br><br>
</b>Until recently, the relationship between the revolutionary
collectives of 23 de Enero and the Chávez government had been a friendly
one. Certainly, there were moments of tension, as when the Alexis Vive
Collective and Simón Bolívar Coordinator turned up outside opposition
television station Globovisión last year, protesting the station’s
content and spray painting radical slogans on the walls. <br><br>
But in general, the revolutionary collectives have enjoyed a much more
open and supportive atmosphere, cultivating a tight relationship with the
Bolivarian government. This relationship was at its clearest in April
2002, when Chávez was overthrown and briefly replaced by a non-democratic
junta before being returned to power by popular mobilizations less than
48 hours later. Not only were revolutionary collectives in 23 de Enero
key to Chávez’s return to power, but they had even provided a safe haven
for Chavista government ministers and elected officials during a wave of
opposition retribution. <br><br>
In recent months, however, this relationship has been strained
considerably. In February, a militant named Héctor Serrano, alias
“Caimán” (“Alligator”), died while placing a small pipe-bomb outside of
Fedecámaras, the nation’s chamber of commerce, heavily implicated in the
2002 coup. In the aftermath of the botched bombing, Venezuelan security
and intelligence (DISIP) services entered revolutionary neighborhoods for
the first time in several years. The revolutionary community responded
with armed blockades protesting DISIP incursions, hailing their dead
comrade, and demanding a halt to the persecution of another, Juan Montoya
a.k.a. “Juancho,” for suspected participation in the bombing. <br><br>
Chávez himself came out swinging on several occasions: “these people
don’t look like revolutionaries to me, they look like terrorists,” he
claimed on Aló Presidente immediately after the blockade, before arguing
in a speech marking his return from the short-lived 2002 coup that the
revolutionary collectives of 23 de Enero “have the hands of the CIA
behind them.” <br><br>
Unsurprisingly, this message was not well received among the
revolutionary collectives that participated in the action. Despite the
fact that the collectives issue their communiqués to “our
commander-in-chief Hugo Chávez Frías,” the tone among some is bitter when
the President’s name arises. “Chávez is calling us terrorists!” But they
are quick to add the crucial caveat that things are far different than
they had been under forty years of elite bipartisan rule: “At least he
isn’t coming after us… yet.” Another member chimes in: “We’re not
Chavistas, we’re not Marxists, we’re not socialists, we’re not anarchists
or anything. We’re just Venezuelans who want to open up a little space so
that the people have a little access to power.” <br><br>
After our discussion with the Radio 23 Collective, we receive the
unexpected invitation to join the caravan. We pile into a car and head to
the meet-up point. As we climb out, we are told that “these people are
the hardest of the hard,” and indeed it’s true. We meet members of the
many collectives involved in the recent actions: La Piedrita, Militia
Zero, the José Leonardo Chirino Collective (named for the leader of a
famous slave rebellion), the Fabricio Ojeda Collective (named for a
towering figure of the Venezuelan guerrilla struggle), the Zapatista
Collective, the Revolutionary Movement of Bolivarian Defense, and Lina
Ron’s Venezuelan Popular Unity, among many others. These revolutionaries
greet one another with a single word: “Fuerza!”<br><br>
The occasion is the defense of their comrade “Juancho,” who is currently
in hiding after being named by the DISIP as a suspect in the Fedecámaras
bombing. “Today, we are all Juancho, because during the coup, if they
were just dealing with Chávez, it would have been over much quicker and
the opposition would have won. But at that time, we were all Chávez, and
we were victorious.” But this is more than mere comparison, and his words
are thick with irony: “Do you know who was directing the armed resistance
that day?” asks one revolutionary, referring to the street battles waged
by radical Chavistas against the opposition-controlled Metropolitan
Police who were participating in the coup. “It was Juancho!” <br><br>
And yet this same revolutionary leader who was so essential to Chávez’s
return to power now finds himself a wanted man. After a few minutes,
participants crowd together to chant revolutionary slogans and plan the
caravan route, and we are off.<br><br>
“Yes, We Are Infiltrated”<br><br>
</b>A spokesperson for the Fabricio Ojeda collective is on the
microphone. Twice I was told he was a “leader” of the collectives, and
twice he replied “no, I am just a soldier.” During the two-hour caravan,
he repeatedly reads a statement denouncing government repression and
calling for participation in the next day’s planned cultural and sporting
event in defense of “Juancho.” To Chávez’s accusations that these
revolutionary collectives are infiltrated by the CIA, the reply is blunt:
“Yes, we are infiltrated, we are infiltrated by the workers, we are
infiltrated by campesinos, we are infiltrated by students and women, we
are infiltrated by the oppressed, in short, we are completely infiltrated
by the Venezuelan people.”<br><br>
While insisting that “Juancho” had nothing to do with the bombing at
Fedecámaras, the speaker nevertheless insists that their comrade “Caimán”
“fell at the gates of Fedecámaras during a revolutionary action.” For
these groups, there is no possible ethical grounds to oppose attacks on
Fedecámaras, since “this is the same Fedecámaras that participated in the
anti-democratic overthrow of the Venezuelan government, this is the same
Fedecámaras that hoards food and gambles with the people’s survival, this
is the same Fedecámaras whose paramilitary squads have murdered more than
300 campesino leaders in the past three years!”<br><br>
While opposition leaders associated with the violent 2002 coup, such as
Mayor of Chacao Leopoldo López and Ex-Governor of Miranda Enrique
Mendoza, walk the streets and are even beginning to campaign for the
November elections, the voice belting out of the loudspeaker insists, the
revolutionary collectives of 23 de Enero find themselves pursued and
persecuted “with the intention to annihilate us.”<br><br>
According to the flyer distributed at the caravan, whose text is
superimposed over the face of Che Guevara:<br><br>
We are making clear that we will continue to defend our demands, that
neither jail nor persecution will silence our voice, to the contrary,
just as our ancestors resisted, today we will do the same against the
attacks of an Oligarchy and a DISIP that are disgusted by the Smell of
the People and the Smell of Revolution.<br><br>
“We Are Not Terrorists”<br><br>
</b>While the primary function of the caravan was to denounce DISIP and
police intervention and demonstrate the resolve of the collectives, it
was also meant as a public invitation to attend and participate in the
following day’s events, events which many might not expect from armed
militia movements. We gather along with thousands of others in the
neighboring parrioquía of Sucre for what is billed as a
“cultural-sporting encounter” sponsored by the same organizations who
participated in the armed shutdown two weeks prior.<br><br>
This shutdown was much more peaceful, with hundreds of children in the
street playing basketball, soccer, and volleyball, participating in Tae
Kwon Do demonstrations and boxing matches. Members of the revolutionary
militias participated as referees and by providing water and box lunches
to the children. “You can see,” comments one revolutionary, a clipboard
in hand and a whistle around his neck, “we aren’t terrorists, we’re just
people from the communities who want to do everything we can to support
the development of these communities and this revolution.”<br><br>
George Ciccariello-Maher is a Ph.D. candidate in political theory at U.C.
Berkeley. He is currently in Venezuela writing a people’s history of the
Bolivarian Revolution, and can be reached at gjcm(at)berkeley.edu. <br>
</i>Source URL:</b>
<a href="http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/" eudora="autourl">
http://www.venezuelanalysis.com/<br>
</a>Printed:</b> April 24th 2008<br>
License:</b> Published under a Creative Commons license (by-nc-nd). See
creativecommons.org</i> for more information. <br><br>
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