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<a href="http://www.aljazeerah.info/16%20o/Internment%20of%20Japanese%20Americans%20The%20Day%20of%20Remembrance%20By%20Abdus%20Sattar%20Ghazali.htm%A0" eudora="autourl">http://www.aljazeerah.info/16%20o/Internment%20of%20Japanese%20Americans%20The%20Day%20of%20Remembrance%20By%20Abdus%20Sattar%20Ghazali.htm
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</a></font><font face="arial" size=5>Internment of Japanese Americans:
The Day of Remembrance</font><font face="arial" size=3> </font>
<br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>By Abdus Sattar Ghazali</font> <br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>Al-Jazeerah, February 16, 2005<br><br>
</font> <br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>February 19th marks the Day of Remembrance,
when in 1942 President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed the Executive
Order 9066 that led to the incarceration of over 120,000 persons of
Japanese ancestry in concentration camps during World War II. Over the
years, the Day of Remembrance has come to represent a special time for
the Japanese American community and others to honor past internees,
remember this history of collective guilt victims and educate the public
so that it does not recur for any other community.</font> <br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>In the post 9/11 era, the Day of Remembrance
has also become a time to express solidarity with the Arab and Muslim
communities now became victims of guilt by association similar to what
Japanese Americans experienced over 60 years ago.</font> <br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>The treatment of Japanese Americans during
World War II is an abhorrent chapter in the history of the United
States.</font> <br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>Throughout World War II, much of the West
Coast, particularly California, had a long history of anti-Asian
sentiment, culminating in the denial of citizenship to Asians upheld by
the U.S. Supreme Court in Ozawa v. US in 1922 and the Immigration Act of
1924 which created a permanent quota system.</font> <br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>Not surprisingly, many Americans reacted with
fear and anger when Japan attacked the Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941.
False reports of spying and sabotage by Japanese Americans in Hawaii and
on the West Coast were combined with already existing racial prejudices
to inflame feelings of hatred against all people of Japanese! ancestry
i.e. Issei, the first Japanese immigrant generation and Nisei, the second
generation.</font> <br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>Similar to the rounding up of Muslim and Arab
males after the 9/11 attacks, within 48 hours of Pearl Harbor, 1,291
Japanese American men are arrested, most of whom would be incarcerated
for the entire four-year duration of the war and separated from their
families.</font> <br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>General John L. DeWitt was responsible for the
defense of the West Coast whose famous quotes include: “A Jap’s a Jap. It
makes no difference whether he is an American citizen or not. I don’t
want any of them . . . In his 1942 report calling for the evacuation of
all Japanese Americans on the West Coast, Gen. DeWitt wrote: "Racial
affiliations are not severed by migration. The Japanese race is an enemy
race and while many second - and third-generation Japanese born on United
States soil, possessed of United States citizenship, have become
'Americanized,' the racial strains are undiluted."</font> <br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>On Feb. 19, 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt,
acting on Gen. Dewitt’s recommendation, signed the Executive Order 9066
that authorized the military to exclude persons of Japanese ancestry from
designated military areas. By June 1942, more than 110,000 Japanese
persons, more than 70 percent of them American citizens, had been forced
from their homes into temporary “assembly centers”. These “assembly
centers” were ramshackle affairs built at racetracks and fairgrounds.
From there, the Japanese were moved to ten internment camps scattered in
the more inhospitable desert regions of the West where many of them would
live until the end of the war.</font> <br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, in a February
1942 memo to Attorney General Francis Biddle, wrote, that the decision to
evacuate the Japanese Americans was based primarily on public and
political pressures rather than factual data.</font> <br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>Fred Korematsu, a 22-year old loyal
Japanese-American citizen, who violated Roosevelt’s executive order by
not reporting to an assembly center, challenged the constitutionality of
the internment of an entire ethnic population class. In the landmark case
the Supreme Court in 1944 held that Korematsu’s constitutional freedoms
were not violated and found him guilty. More than 41 years after his
internment, Korematsu’s criminal conviction was overturned and vacated in
1983 by U.S. District Court Judge Marilyn Patel of San Francisco.</font>
<br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>The Japanese-Americans allowed to return to
their homes only at the end of the war. However, it was not until 1952
that the McCarran Immigration and Naturalization Act finally allowed
Japanese naturalization.</font> <br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>It was not until Feb. 19, 1976, the
thirty-fourth anniversary of Roosevelt’s Executive Order 9066, that
President Gerald Ford, through Presidential Proclamation 4417, declared
that the Japanese American internment was a national mistake and
described the February 19th anniversary a sad day in American
history.</font> <br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>While issuing the proclamation, President
Gerald Ford emphasized: “We now know what we should have known then--not
only was that evacuation wrong, but Japanese-Americans were and are loyal
Americans. On the battlefield and at home, Japanese-Americans -- names
like Hamada, Mitsumori, Marimoto, Noguchi, Yamasaki, Kido, Munemori and
Miyamura -- have been and continue to be written in our history for the
sacrifices and the contributions they have made to the well-being and
security of this, our common Nation.”</font> <br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>About four years later, in June 1980, President
Carter signed a bill establishing "the Commission on Wartime
Relocation and Internment of Civilians," which determined that the
major cause of the mass incarceration was racism, opportunism and the
failure of political leadership. In its report issued in 1983, the
commission recommended that the former inmates be given an official
government apology, given $20,000 compensation to each surviving internee
and establish an educational trust fund.</font> <br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>President Ronald Reagan, on August 10, 1988,
signed into law the federal Civil Liberties Act of 1988 that included an
apology. In this act the Congress recognized that a grave injustice was
done to both citizens and permanent residents of Japanese ancestry by the
evacuation, relocation, and internment of civilians during World War II.
“.…. For these fundamental violations of the basic civil liberties and
constitutional rights of these individuals of Japanese ancestry, the
Congress apologizes on behalf of the Nation."</font> <br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>Finally, in late 1989, the federal government
started issuing checks and apologies, inviting nine of the oldest
internees to Washington, D.C. Attorney General Richard Thornburgh got on
his knees and presented each one with a check and an apology and said he
was sorry it took so long. Beginning in 1990, a check of $20,000 in
compensatory payment was sent to all eligible living Japanese Americans
who underwent the humiliation of living in an American internment
camp.</font> <br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>However, 15 years after President Reagan’s
apology some newcons are giving a new twist to the unfortunate episode of
internment. In the current Anti-Arab and Anti-Muslim climate prevailing
in America, Michelle Malkin, in her book “In Defense of Internment,” is
applauding the roundup and imprisonment of the Japanese. She argues that
Civil Liberties are not sacrosanct.</font> <br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>In the words of the University of Colorado law
professor, Paul Campos, “Malkin's book is an odious exercise in
revisionist history, with a distinctly fascist tinge .....using arguments
that are often absurd on their face.”</font> <br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>Another neocon, Daniel Pipes, taking advantage
of this hyper climate, is suggesting that the wholesale relocation of
American Muslims to internment camps might be a good idea.</font>
<br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>To quote Prof. Campos again, this is a
dangerous argument. “After all, none of the 9/11 hijackers was American -
unlike, for example, Tim McVeigh and Terry Nichols. It would be far more
efficient to engage in what Malkin calls "threat profiling" by
setting up internment camps for members of far-right political groups
than for American Muslims,” he concluded.</font> <br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3>It will not be too much to say that the newcons
are now bent on distorting the history of Japanese Americans’ internment
in a bid to foment hatred against certain ethnic and religious
communities. People of Japanese ancestry were sent to internment camps
without any real evidence. Ironically, the American Arabs and Muslims are
being profiled and harassed without any real evidence and for them the
Patriot Act and other government measures have converted the whole
country into a virtual internment camp.</font> <br><br>
<font face="arial" size=3><b>Abdus Sattar Ghazali</b> is the Executive
Editor of the online magazine American Muslim Perspective
<a href="http://www.amperspective.com">www.amperspective.com</a> </font>
<br><br>
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