<html>
<body>
<font size=3><br>
<div align="center"><br>
</font><font face="arial" size=5><b>Torture by the
book</b></font><font size=3> <br><br>
</font><font face="arial" size=3>The pattern of abuse of Iraqi prisoners
follows established CIA interrogation techniques</font> <br><br>
<font size=2><b>Vikram Dodd <br>
Thursday May 6, 2004<br>
The Guardian</b></font><font size=3> <br><br>
</font><font size=2>In Britain the debate about photographs depicting
abuse of Iraqi prisoners has centred on their authenticity. In the US
there are no doubts about the pictures showing what American soldiers did
in Baghdad's Abu Ghraib prison. But the photos raise a larger question.
Did a gang of reservists from Virginia hit on ways of mistreating Muslim
prisoners to maximise their humiliation all by themselves? President Bush
says the photos disgust him. However, there is growing evidence that the
abuses in Abu Ghraib were no aberrant act, but a warped product of US
policy and the practices of its intelligence community. <br><br>
In emails released by his family, Staff Sergeant Ivan Frederick, a guard
at Abu Ghraib, says military intelligence used dogs to intimidate
prisoners, leading to "positive results and information". In
one email he wrote: "We have had a very high rate with our style of
getting them to break. They usually end up breaking within hours."
Sgt Frederick said that he queried some of the abuses: "I questioned
this and the answer I got was: this is how military intelligence wants it
done." Another guard supports his claim that intelligence people
controlled Abu Ghraib, as does the former head of US military prisons in
Iraq, Brigadier General Janis Karpinski. <br><br>
The recently leaked army report into the abuses, by Major General Antonio
Taguba, said military intelligence, CIA personnel and private contractors
"actively requested that guards set physical and mental conditions
for favourable interrogation of witnesses". They were meant to
soften up detainees before the interrogators got to work. <br><br>
It's not just in Iraq that the US is accused of abusing its prisoners.
The five Britons released from Guantánamo Bay told of beatings and other
ill-treatment. Weeks before last year's alleged abuses at Abu Ghraib, Gen
Karpinski said a team ofintelligence officers from Guantánamo Bay visited
Abu Ghraib to "give them new techniques". <br><br>
While in Iraq in late August and early September 2003, the Guantánamo
team - overseen by Major General Geoffrey Miller - recommended that
military police guards act as "enablers" for interrogations,
Gen Taguba reported. The US is now bringing in Gen Miller, who ran the
camp at Guantánamo Bay, to run prisons in Iraq. He could at least ensure
that guards no longer carry cameras. <br><br>
A Briton released from Guantánamo alleged that, as in Abu Ghraib, sexual
humiliation was identified by US officials as a way of breaking Muslim
detainees. In Iraq it was the simulation of oral sex, forced masturbation
and human pyramids, withpeople kept naked for long spells. In Guantánamo,
according to one British detainee, naked prostitutes paraded before
inmates to taunt them. <br><br>
Abuse allegations against the US have now surfaced in Iraq, Guantánamo,
Bagram, in Afghanistan, and even in Gambia, where a British businessman
told the Guardian he was threatened with rape and beatings while being
questioned by US agents. <br><br>
Part of the interrogating team at Abu Ghraib was from the CIA. There are
clues from that organisation's history that it has found ill-treating
detainees to be useful in the past. Two CIA interrogation manuals
surfaced in 1997 after the Baltimore Sun obtained them under freedom of
information laws. Reading them in the context of the pictures from Iraq
and accounts from Guantánamo suggests that the advice they contain is
still being applied. <br><br>
One, dating from 1983, was written for use in Honduras. Entitled
"Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual", it states:
"The purpose of all coercive techniques is to induce psychological
regression in the subject by bringing a superior outside force to bear on
his will to resist. Regression is basically a loss of autonomy."
<br><br>
Sgt Frederick says detainees at Abu Ghraib were kept in isolation for up
to three days in windowless rooms. According to the CIA manual, "a
person's sense of identity depends upon the continuity in his
surroundings, habits, appearance, relations with others ... Detention
should be planned to enhance ... feelings of being cut off from anything
known and reassuring." <br><br>
The US denies it uses torture. While the pulling of fingernails may be
out, coercion and psychological stress are permitted, according to the
CIA manual. How to put such advice into practice is up to intelligence
officers. <br><br>
Of the Iraqi images, the most chilling was the hooded man standing on a
box, with wires attached to him. He was reportedly told he would be
electrocuted if he moved. According to the CIA manual, threatening him
with electrocution may have been better than the real thing: "The
threat of coercion usually weakens or destroys resistance more
effectively than coercion itself. For example, the threat to inflict pain
can trigger fears more damaging than the immediate sensation of
pain." However, "if a subject refuses to comply after a threat
has been made, it must be carried out. Otherwise, subsequent threats will
also prove ineffective." <br><br>
But the CIA manual can enlighten us further about the scandal at Abu
Ghraib. The man on the box would have battled exhaustion from having to
stand motionless, driven by fear of an electric shock. And, the manual
says, "pain that he feels he is inflicting upon himself is more
likely to sap his resistance. If he is required to maintain a rigid
position such as standing at attention or sitting on a stool for long
periods, the immediate source of discomfort is not the questioner but the
subject. After a while, the subject is likely to exhaust his internal
motivational strength. Intense pain is likely to produce false
confessions, fabricated to avoid additional punishment." <br><br>
The 1983 CIA manual draws heavily from the 1963 "Kubark
manual", named after the codeword the CIA gave itself. It explains
what the US military may have hoped to gain by sexually humiliating
prisoners. "The effectiveness of most of the non-coercive techniques
depends upon their unsettling effect. The interrogation situation is in
itself disturbing to most people encountering it for the first time. The
aim is to enhance this effect, to disrupt radically familiar emotional
and psychological associations ... When this aim is achieved, resistance
is seriously impaired. There is an interval ... of suspended animation, a
kind of psychological shock or paralysis. It is caused by a traumatic or
sub-traumatic experience which explodes, as it were, the world that is
familiar to the subject as well as his image of himself within that
world. At this moment the source is farlikelier to comply."
<br><br>
This appears to be what US intelligence officers at Abu Ghraib have been
putting into effect. Specialist Sabrina Harman, one of the accused
guards, testified that it was her job to keep prisoners awake, including
the hooded man placed on a box with wires attached to his fingers, toes
and genitals. <br><br>
According to the New Yorker, she stated: "MI [military intelligence]
wanted to get them to talk. It is Graner [a guard] and Frederick's job to
do things for MI ... to get these people to talk." The Kubark manual
states that "resistance is sapped principally by psychological
rather than physical pressures". It also warns that approval from
headquarters is needed for "bodily harm" or "medical,
chemical or electrical methods". The two deaths now being treated as
murder probably emanate from sadism, rather than policy. <br><br>
It remains to be seen what kind of disciplinary or legal action the Abu
Ghraib interrogators and their superiors will face. As Sgt Frederick
wrote in an email: "They always said that shit rolls downhill, and
guess who is at the bottom?" And if George Bush is unsure what US
intelligence is capable of, he can always ask his dad. The first
President Bush used to be head of the CIA. <br><br>
<a href="mailto:vikram.dodd@guardian.co.uk">vikram.dodd@guardian.co.uk</a>
<br>
</font><x-sigsep><p></x-sigsep>
<font size=3 color="#FF0000">The Freedom Archives<br>
522 Valencia Street<br>
San Francisco, CA 94110<br>
(415) 863-9977<br>
</font><font size=3><a href="http://www.freedomarchives.org/" eudora="autourl">www.freedomarchives.org</a></font></body>
</html>