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<font face="arial" size=3><br><br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=1>The Sunshine Project<br>
News Release<br>
6 January 2004<br><br>
<br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=2>The Return of ARCAD<br><br>
</b>Accidentally-released documents reveal links between current <br>
'non-lethal' weapons research and a Cold War chemical weapons<br>
program cancelled in 1992 because of its treaty-busting
implications.<br><br>
<br>
</font><font face="Verdana" size=1>(Austin and Hamburg - 6 January
2004</i>) - Newly-released US government documents indicate that recent
Pentagon research on so-called "non-lethal" weapons is a
revived version of a weapons program that was cancelled due to the
Chemical Weapons Convention. Elements of the decade-old program on
incapacitating chemicals, called ARCAD (Advanced Riot Control Agent
Device), have been re-initiated by the Pentagon's Joint Non-Lethal
Weapons Directorate. The links that Sunshine Project Freedom of
Information Act requests have established between ARCAD and recent
research underscore how and why the Pentagon's "non-lethal"
weapons program threatens treaty controls on chemical and biological
weapons.<br><br>
In 1992, the US Army's ARCAD program was supposed to have been terminated
because of prohibitions in the Chemical Weapons Convention, which was
then in late stages of negotiation. But it is now clear that elements of
the program continued to operate under a new guise. As of 2002, ARCAD's
legacy was being pursued with a new institutional base - the US Marine
Corps-directed Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate (JNLWD). Weapons
development deemed legally unacceptable in 1992 has found new life with
the "non-lethal" moniker, despite US ratification of the
Chemical Weapons Convention and attacks on states alleged to be
developing chemical and biological weapons.<br><br>
The Story: From ARCAD to Front End Analysis (and Beyond?)<br><br>
</b>Building on Cold War research, by the early 1990s, US Army weapons
developers at Aberdeen Proving Ground (Maryland) were making headway in a
quest for new incapacitating chemical weapons. Foreshadowing the Moscow
Theater disaster a decade later, they reported in early 1992 that they
had weaponized chemical cocktails of powerful opiates, such as fentanyl,
mixed with supposedly safety-enhancing chemicals (opiate antagonists,
similar to those used to treat heroin overdose). The weapons were
designed to knock out groups of people, in battle and in other
situations, presumably including "rioting" civilians.<br><br>
The Army was making headway in weapons design, but the collapse of the
Soviet Union had turned political winds toward disarmament and decidedly
against new chemical weapons. International momentum was building for a
global ban on chemical weapons and, in September 1992, the text of the
Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) was completed. Anticipating the CWC's
restrictions, in 1992 the Pentagon cancelled the Advanced Riot Control
Agent Device (ARCAD) program. The decision, quoting an Army official in
the recently-released papers, "because of multilateral treaty
language restricting the use of riot control agents".<br><br>
But frustrated Army weapons developers were unwilling to let ARCAD die.
Spurred on by a dispute that arose between experts about the extent of
the CWC's prohibitions on use of incapacitating chemicals, they cited a
Vietnam-era policy (Executive Order 11850, still standing) that conflicts
with the CWC. They found interest in their chemical weapons research at
the Non-Lethal Coordinating Cell, a small new Pentagon office with big
plans and influential backers, including US military strategist Paul
Wolfowitz. Impelled by the US military's disastrous deployment to
Mogadishu, Somalia, the Coordinating Cell was looking for new ways to
neutralize crowds of civilians. Later, the Coordinating Cell came under
the administration of the US Marine Corps and was renamed the Joint
Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate (JNLWD).<br><br>
When the Coordinating Cell obtained research funding and put out a
request for proposals, the Army chemical weaponeers saw their chance. In
proposals written in 1994, they not only sought to restart ARCAD, they
requested JNLWD support to move into aerosol testing of the opiate
cocktails. They also proposed new ideas, such as studying weaponization
of an experimental pharmaceutical suggested to the Army by a University
of Utah anesthesiologist who had seen it used to tranquilize wild elk
(Cervus elaphus</i>). Also new were short-acting opiates being developed
by Glaxo Pharmaceuticals (now GlaxoSmithKline). In its proposals, the
Army group asserted that the military could legally use the chemical as
weapons for "peacekeeping missions; crowd control; embassy
protection; and counterterrorism."<br><br>
From here, the story gets murky; but important new detail is available.
For five years, there was no public action by JNLWD on the (heretofore
confidential) Army proposals. Despite JNLWD's denials that it is engaged
in chemical weapons development, a contract released to the Sunshine
Project under FOIA in 2002 states that, in 2001, the Directorate trained
Marine Corps officers in the use of classified antipersonnel
"non-lethal" chemical weapons.<br><br>
In light of the newly-released documents, it was in 2000 that the ARCAD
program resurfaced publicly in the form of a Pentagon contract awarded to
the Optimetrics, Inc. The Optimetrics studies parallel those proposed by
the Army to JNLWD in 1994. Not coincidentally, the lead researcher was C.
Parker Ferguson, an Aberdeen Proving Ground veteran who pushed JNLWD to
revive ARCAD in 1994. By 2000, Ferguson had left for Aberdeen for
Optimetric's nearby office in Bel Air, Maryland. Phase One of the
Optimetrics contract was a "Front End Analysis" of Chemical
Immobilizing Agents, including testing of "promising" chemical
cocktails on animals. Phase Two moved into human testing. <br><br>
Not long after the Optimetrics contract issued, JNLWD launched a two year
research program titled "Front End Analysis for Non-Lethal
Chemicals" (FY 2001 and 2002). While this JNLWD program was
operating (including during the Moscow Theater disaster), the Directorate
vociferously, incorrectly denied that it was conducting research on
incapacitating chemical weapons. Contradicting its own public relations
officers, in early 2003 a short document describing the "Front End
Analysis" program was briefly posted on the JNLWD website (and then
rather quickly removed). The Optimetrics and JNLWD efforts appear to be
linked; but the exact relationships remain unclear because both JNLWD and
the Army deny that they are collaborating to develop new chemical
weapons.<br><br>
With the recent release of papers, how JNLWD's research has come from the
cancelled ARCAD program can finally be documented. The documents are the
set of proposals made in 1994 by the Army and, interestingly, it is in
these proposals that the term "Front End Analysis" first
appears to describe phase one of ARCAD's revival. The totality of the
circumstances, including specific terminology, personnel, preferred
chemical formulations, and other materials obtained under FOIA (available
on the Sunshine Project website), make clear that, after ARCAD was
officially cancelled, at least part of the program was folded into the
Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate. (What additional work has been
conducted under classification is unknown.)<br><br>
The significance of the documents is far more than historical. ARCAD was
terminated because, in 1992, the Pentagon determined that it would
violate the Chemical Weapons Convention. But it is now clear that the
weapons research did not end. As of 2002 ARCAD's legacy was being pursued
with a new institutional base - the Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate.
The research appears to have resulted in classified antipersonnel
chemical capabilities, according the JNLWD contract to train Marine Corps
officers. US chemical weapons development deemed legally unacceptable in
1992 has found new life with the "non-lethal" moniker.
<br><br>
<br>
(Apparently) Accidental Release<br><br>
</b>Using the Freedom of Information Act, the Sunshine Project requested
the documents from the US Marine Corps in September 2001. After delaying
for more than two years, in late 2003 the Marine Corps responded in a
letter stating that the documents, titled "Demonstration of Chemical
Immobilizers", "Antipersonnel Calmative Agents", and
"Antipersonnel Chemical Immobilizers: Synthetic Opiods",
required a security review that the Marine Corps Systems Command could
not perform. This status strongly suggested that the documents would be
severely edited or not released at all. <br><br>
Inexplicably, in the same envelope as the security review letter, the
Marines enclosed a complete set of the documents. The Marines also sent
the Sunshine Project versions of the chemical weapons papers with large
blocks of text blacked-out. These apparently were the Marines' view of
what portions should remain secret. The circumstances suggest that the
Marines sent the Sunshine Project the documents that were supposed to go
to the Pentagon for security review. After study, the Sunshine Project
determined to publicize the documents because they shed light on JNLWD's
secretive chemical weapons research program and how it threatens
international treaties.<br><br>
The documents mentioned above, as well as related materials on US
research on "non-lethal" chemical and biological weapons may be
downloaded
<a href="http://www.sunshine-project.org/incapacitants/jnlwdpdf/index.html">here</a>.<br><br>
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