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Word for Word | Kissinger on Pinochet: The Human Rights Crowd Gives
Realpolitik the Jitters<br><br>
December 28, 2003<br>
By LARRY ROHTER <br><br>
HENRY KISSINGER, who had been President Richard Nixon's<br>
national security adviser, became his secretary of state<br>
less than a month after a bloody military coup in Chile<br>
toppled its leftist president, Salvador Allende, on Sept.<br>
11, 1973, and brought Gen. Augusto Pinochet to power. The<br>
Nixon administration had instigated and supported Allende's<br>
overthrow, but the extensive human rights abuses that<br>
resulted were to plague Mr. Kissinger until he left office<br>
in 1977, along with President Gerald Ford. <br><br>
Recently, after a long legal struggle, United States<br>
government documents from that period were declassified<br>
under the Freedom of Information Act, thanks to the efforts<br>
of the National Security Archive, a private nonprofit group<br>
based in Washington. Some of the most important papers have<br>
already appeared in "The Pinochet File: A Declassified<br>
Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability" (The New Press) by<br>
Peter Kornbluh, an analyst for the National Security<br>
Archive, and next month those and others will be posted on<br>
the organization's Web site, nsarchive.org. Excerpts<br>
follow. <br><br>
The realpolitik approach Mr. Kissinger favored was<br>
enunciated at an Oct. 1, 1973, meeting with officials from<br>
the Latin American division of the State Department. Deputy<br>
Assistant Secretary of State Jack Kubisch had arrived<br>
bearing news that at least 2,700 people were killed during<br>
the coup and expressing concern that the United States<br>
appeared too close to the Pinochet regime. <br><br>
Secretary Kissinger: I agree that we should not knock down<br>
stories that later prove to be true, nor should we be in<br>
the position of defending what they're doing in Santiago.<br>
But I think we should understand our policy - that however<br>
unpleasant they act, the government is better for us than<br>
Allende was. So we shouldn't support moves against them by<br>
seemingly disassociating. <br><br>
Congress felt differently, however, and led by Senator<br>
Edward M. Kennedy soon began moving to cut off arms sales<br>
to the Pinochet dictatorship. In a Dec. 3, 1974, meeting<br>
also attended by the assistant secretary of state for<br>
inter-American affairs, William D. Rogers, Mr. Kissinger<br>
expressed frustration at what he saw as Congressional<br>
meddling and naïveté. <br><br>
Secretary Kissinger: Also, I'd like to know whether the<br>
human rights problem in Chile is that much worse than in<br>
other countries in Latin America or whether their primary<br>
crime is to have replaced Allende and whether people are<br>
now getting penalized, having gotten rid of an<br>
anti-American government. Is it worse than in other Latin<br>
American countries? <br><br>
Mr. Rogers: Yes. <br><br>
Secretary Kissinger: Well, I think the consequences could<br>
be very serious, if we cut them off from military aid. <br><br>
Later in the same meeting, Mr. Kissinger tried another<br>
approach, suggesting that the Pinochet regime was an<br>
improvement over Allende in the field of civil liberties.<br>
Again, Mr. Rogers gently challenged his assumptions. <br><br>
Secretary Kissinger: The worst crime of this government is<br>
that it's pro-American in the eyes of many of these<br>
supporters of these cut-offs. Is this government worse than<br>
the Allende government? Is human rights more severely<br>
threatened by this government than Allende? <br><br>
Mr. Rogers: Well, I can't say that, Mr. Secretary. In terms<br>
of freedom of association, Allende didn't close down the<br>
opposition party. In terms of freedom of the press, Allende<br>
didn't close down all the newspapers. <br><br>
At a Dec. 23, 1974, meeting, Mr. Kissinger argued that<br>
compromising with Senator Kennedy on the arms sales<br>
prohibition would only lead to other Congressional demands.<br>
He also worried that banning arms sales to Chile would<br>
encourage General Pinochet, who was alarmed at the presence<br>
of Cuban advisers and Soviet-made tanks and aircraft in<br>
neighboring Peru, to seek an accommodation with China or<br>
the Arab world. <br><br>
Secretary Kissinger: We never cut off aid to them while<br>
Allende was there. So now while they are in power, we cut<br>
off aid to them. It is insane. <br><br>
Mr. Rogers: It is insane. But, Mr. Secretary, it does<br>
reflect an extraordinarily strong feeling amongst the<br>
Congress, as you well know. <br><br>
Later in the same conversation, Mr. Rogers said that "it is<br>
very hard to make a national interest argument on Chile."<br>
But Mr. Kissinger and Assistant Secretary of State Philip<br>
C. Habib saw dominoes falling all over the world if they<br>
gave Congress any ground. <br><br>
Secretary Kissinger: If it happens in Chile now, it will be<br>
Korea next year. There isn't going to be any end to it. And<br>
if we are going to wind up in an unbelievably precarious<br>
position, in which no country can afford to tie up with us,<br>
unless it is a pure democracy, then we will find some other<br>
reasons. <br><br>
Mr. Habib: We will get it in the Philippines, in Vietnam.<br><br>
<br>
Mr. Rogers: My diagnosis of the reason they stuck it on the<br>
department in this case is because they didn't think we<br>
were being sincere on the human rights issue. That is what<br>
they all told me. <br><br>
By 1975, Chile had become a virtual pariah state and was<br>
seeking to alleviate that status by persuading the<br>
Organization of American States to meet in Santiago. On<br>
Sept. 29, Mr. Kissinger received the Chilean foreign<br>
minister, Patricio Carvajal. Mr. Kissinger not only<br>
expressed Washington's support for the idea, but opened the<br>
meeting with a sarcastic jab at his own staff. <br><br>
Secretary Kissinger: Well, I read the briefing paper for<br>
this meeting and it was nothing but human rights. The State<br>
Department is made up of people who have a vocation for the<br>
ministry. Because there were not enough churches for them,<br>
they went into the Department of State. <br><br>
The O.A.S. meeting was held in Chile in June 1976. There<br>
Mr. Kissinger met with General Pinochet, expressed support<br>
and told him not to worry about the human rights criticisms<br>
that would appear in the speech Mr. Kissinger would deliver<br>
to his fellow foreign ministers. <br><br>
Secretary Kissinger: The speech is not aimed at Chile. I<br>
wanted to tell you about this. My evaluation is that you<br>
are a victim of all left-wing groups around the world, and<br>
that your greatest sin was that you overthrew a government<br>
that was going Communist. <br><br>
General Pinochet complained about the arms buildup in Peru<br>
and hinted that he might invade if American arms were not<br>
forthcoming. In response, Mr. Kissinger apologized for<br>
Congressional opposition and promised to step up efforts to<br>
send F-5 fighters to Chile. <br><br>
Secretary Kissinger: It is a phenomenon that we deal with<br>
special severity with our friends. I want to see our<br>
relations and friendship improve. I encouraged the O.A.S.<br>
to have its General Assembly here. I knew it would add<br>
prestige to Chile. I came for that reason. We have<br>
suggestions. We want to help, not undermine you. You did a<br>
great service to the West in overthrowing Allende.<br>
Otherwise Chile would have followed Cuba. <br><br>
In an account of the conversation with General Pinochet<br>
that was published in his memoirs, Mr. Kissinger said that<br>
the "underlying theme" of the meeting was that "any
major<br>
help from us would realistically depend on progress on<br>
human rights.'' But the declassified transcript includes<br>
only brief mentions of human rights, with Mr. Kissinger<br>
presenting them to the general principally as a problem of<br>
politics and public relations, rather than as a moral<br>
problem. Mr. Kissinger, for example, talks of the need to<br>
"remove the weapons in the arms of our enemies." <br><br>
Secretary Kissinger: It would really help if you would let<br>
us know the measures you are taking in the human rights<br>
field. None of this is said with the hope of undermining<br>
your government. I want you to succeed and I want to retain<br>
the possibility of aid. <br><br>
A month later, back in Washington and meeting with<br>
Assistant Secretary of State Harry W. Shlaudeman, the<br>
subject was Argentina, Chile's neighbor. A military<br>
dictatorship led by Gen. Jorge Videla had taken power there<br>
earlier that year, and the new government, inspired by<br>
Chile's example and the lack of American sanctions, was<br>
carrying out political killings and forced
"disappearances"<br>
that would eventually lead to the deaths of as many as<br>
30,000 people in what became known as Argentina's "dirty<br>
war." <br><br>
Mr. Shlaudeman: Well, let me just say that it looks very<br>
much that this group for Videla in Argentina - the security<br>
forces are totally out of control. We have these daily<br>
waves of murders. We get our human rights constituents -<br>
who, it sometimes seems to me, are the only ones we have -<br>
clamoring after us all the time about Argentina, because<br>
they think it is another Chile - but it isn't. <br><br>
Secretary Kissinger: It's worse. <br><br>
Nevertheless, Mr.<br>
Kissinger decided that the doctrine he had defined for<br>
Chile should also be applied in Argentina. Meeting with the<br>
Argentine foreign minister, Adm. César Augusto Guzzetti, in<br>
New York on Oct. 7, 1976, he made it clear that the clamor<br>
about human rights abuses would not affect relations, a<br>
response that Robert Hill, the American ambassador to<br>
Argentina, later said in a cable had left Admiral Guzzetti<br>
"euphoric." <br><br>
Secretary Kissinger: Look, our basic attitude is that we<br>
would like you to succeed. I have an old-fashioned view<br>
that friends ought to be supported. What is not understood<br>
in the United States is that you have a civil war. We read<br>
about human rights problems, but not the context. The<br>
quicker you succeed the better. <br><br>
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