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<h5><b>December 19,
2003</b></h5><font size=3><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/19/national/19DETA.html?pagewanted=print&position" eudora="autourl">http://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/19/national/19DETA.html?pagewanted=print&position</a>=<br><br>
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</font><h2><b>U.S. Courts Reject Detention Policy in 2 Terror
Cases</b></h2><font size=2><b>By NEIL A. LEWIS and WILLIAM
GLABERSON<br><br>
</b></font><font size=3>A divided federal appeals court in New York ruled
yesterday that President Bush lacked the authority to detain indefinitely
a United States citizen arrested on American soil on suspicion of
terrorism simply by declaring him "an enemy combatant."
<br><br>
Within hours, a second federal appeals court, based in San Francisco,
also in a divided ruling, declared that the administration's policy of
imprisoning some 660 noncitizens captured in the Afghan war on a naval
base in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, without access to United States legal
protections was unconstitutional as well as a violation of international
law.<br><br>
The twin blows to the underpinnings of the administration's elaborate
legal strategy erected after the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks make it all
the more likely that the Supreme Court will have the final say on matters
that the administration had argued did not belong in the courts in the
first place. <br><br>
The Supreme Court agreed just last month to hear the case of the
detainees at Guantánamo and is widely expected to rule as well on the
issues raised in the case of Jose Padilla, the American declared an enemy
combatant.<br><br>
The court is also expected to announce next week whether it will hear a
related case involving Yaser Esam Hamdi, who has been held alongside Mr.
Padilla in the naval brig in Charleston, S.C. Mr. Hamdi, who is believed
to be a United States citizen as well as a Saudi, was arrested in
Afghanistan and is being held as an enemy combatant, an action that was
upheld by an appeals court based in Richmond, Va.<br><br>
The ruling by the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, in New York,
involved Mr. Padilla, former gang member in Chicago and convert to Islam.
His case drew wide attention when Attorney General John Ashcroft said in
June 2002 that he had been planning to explode a radioactive "dirty
bomb" in the United States.<br><br>
The majority of the three-judge panel ruled that while Congress might
have the power to authorize the detention of an American, the president,
acting on his own, did not.<br><br>
"The president, acting alone, possesses no inherent constitutional
authority to detain American citizens seized within the United States,
away from the zone of combat, as enemy combatants," said the
majority, composed of Judges Rosemary S. Pooler, an appointee of
President Bill Clinton, and Barrington D. Parker Jr., appointed by
President Bush. [Excerpts, Page A31.]<br><br>
The appeals court gave the government 30 days to release Mr. Padilla or
take some other action. The judges said the government could then bring
criminal charges against him in civilian courts or seek to have him held
as a material witness, a procedure that has been used to detain others
and that is similarly under challenge in federal courts.<br><br>
In a strong dissent, Judge Richard C. Wesley, a Bush appointee, said he
believed the president had the power to "thwart acts of belligerency
on U.S. soil." Judge Wesley called it startling that the majority
would say the president lacked authority to detain a citizen terrorist
who was "dangerously close" to putting Americans in
peril.<br><br>
The chief White House spokesman said the administration would seek to
have the Padilla ruling overturned.<br><br>
"The president's most solemn obligation is protecting the American
people," said the spokesman, Scott McClellan. "We believe the
Second Circuit ruling is troubling and flawed. The president has directed
the Justice Department to seek a stay, and further judicial
review."<br><br>
In the case of the Guantánamo detainees, the ruling, by a panel of the
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, provides a
counterweight to an earlier ruling by a federal appeals court based in
Washington, which had unequivocally supported the administration's
position that the detention camp in Cuba was out of the reach of United
States law.<br><br>
Yesterday's decision out of San Francisco means that when the justices
deliberate the issues of Guantánamo as they have already agreed to do,
they will have two conflicting lower court opinions on which to
deliberate.<br><br>
While the Guantánamo situation has provoked anger both in the United
States and abroad, the issues raised in the New York ruling were, if
anything, more contentious. The detention of United States citizens
arrested on American soil as enemy combatants and consequently keeping
them from the usual legal protections Americans enjoy have been treated
as especially alarming by civil liberties advocates.<br><br>
"This is by far the biggest legal setback the administration has
faced in conducting its war on terrorism," said David Cole, a law
professor at Georgetown University and the author of a recent book on the
subject. "That's because this is the furthest they've gone out on a
limb. They had essentially asserted that the president had unchecked
authority to label U.S. citizens as enemy combatants anywhere in the
United States and lock them up."<br><br>
Mr. Padilla has been held incommunicado for 18 months at a Navy brig in
Charleston. The court majority said he should be entitled to full
constitutional protections, including access to his lawyers. His lawyers
have not been permitted to see him since President Bush declared him an
enemy combatant in June 2002.<br><br>
"As this court sits only a short distance from where the World Trade
Center once stood, we are as keenly aware as anyone of the threat Al
Qaeda poses to our country and of the responsibilities the president and
law enforcement officials bear for protecting the nation," Judges
Parker and Pooler wrote.<br><br>
"But presidential authority does not exist in a vacuum," they
said, "and this case involves not whether those responsibilities
should be aggressively pursued but whether the president is
obligated" to share them with Congress.<br><br>
The majority said a law known as the Non-Detention Act provides that
"no citizen shall be imprisoned or otherwise detained by the United
States except pursuant to an act of Congress." The court said the
joint Congressional resolution authorizing operations against terrorism
after Sept. 11 "contains no language authorizing
detention."<br><br>
In the ruling on the Guantánamo detainees by the appeals court in San
Francisco, two judges on a three-judge panel similarly ruled against the
Bush administration, with the third dissenting.<br><br>
The majority opinion, written by Judge Stephen Reinhardt and joined by
Judge Milton I. Shadur, like Judge Reinhardt an appointee of President
Jimmy Carter, based its conclusion on the notion that the naval base at
Guantánamo is not part of Cuba as the government has contended and thus
outside United States jurisdiction. The opinion said Guantánamo was
clearly under the territorial jurisdiction of the United States and thus
the plaintiff, Salim Gherebi, a Libyan, was entitled to the protections
of United States law.<br><br>
In dissent, Judge Susan P. Graber, a Clinton appointee, said she believed
that a 1950 Supreme Court ruling precluded courts' intervention in the
case.<br><br>
The 58-page majority ruling is largely a discussion of the circumstances
under which the United States controls Guantánamo, which it leased from
Cuba in 1903 in perpetuity as long as it maintains a presence
there.<br><br>
The court said that under the government's approach, detainees like Mr.
Gherebi "would appear to have no effective right to seek relief in
the courts of any nation or before any judicial body." The opinion
said that in times of national emergency like war, "it is the
obligation of the judicial branch to ensure the preservation of our
constitutional values and to prevent the executive branch from running
roughshod over the rights of citizens and aliens alike."<br><br>
Stephen Yagman, Mr. Gherebi's lawyer, said he brought the case in
California because that was where he was when he was approached by Mr.
Gherebi's brother, who lives in San Diego.<br><br>
<i>Neil A. Lewis reported from Washington for this article, and William
Glaberson from New York.<br><br>
</i></font><x-sigsep><p></x-sigsep>
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