[News] 122 years of US imperialism in Guantánamo: From torture to migrant detention
Anti-Imperialist News
news at freedomarchives.org
Wed Feb 12 23:09:58 EST 2025
122 years of US imperialism in Guantánamo: From torture to migrant
detention
Donald Trump's expansion of migrant detention in Guantánamo Bay follows
years of torture. Meanwhile, the people of Cuba have always fought for
their land to be freed from U.S. imperialism.
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122 years of US imperialism in Guantánamo: From torture to migrant
detention
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Donald Trump's expansion of migrant detention in Guantánamo Bay
follows years of torture. Meanwhile, the people of Cuba have
always fought for their land to be freed from U.S. imperialism.
Feb 12, 2025
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By Abraham Marquez
<https://substack.com/redirect/275208e0-0478-4e8d-bf95-c5ec847c82e5?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM>
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Colonialist Christopher Columbus landed in Guantánamo Bay on his second
voyage to the Americas in 1494. The empires of England, France, and
Spain later disputed Guantánamo, a territory of 45 square miles.
This “discovery” of the Cuban island unleashed a Spanish extermination
campaign against the indigenous population, through disease, starvation,
and brutality.
What followed the genocide was the “vertiginous growth of the slave
trade based in Havana”. As Harvard University's Hutchins Center for
African and African American Research
<https://substack.com/redirect/5080fd7d-5d76-4c8a-abe8-371bd26cb19d?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM>put
it:
Cuba became the largest slave colony in all of Hispanic America,
with the highest number of enslaved persons imported and the longest
duration of the illegal slave trade. About 800,000 slaves were
imported to Cuba— twice as many as those shipped to the United States.
Today, Guantánamo Bay remains occupied by the United States. It is used
as a detention center by the most powerful military in history.
The U.S. routinely rejects the Cuban government’s call to hand back
<https://substack.com/redirect/5b7c91a7-4cf5-44d4-a660-c92cc80ff3f7?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM>Guantánamo
Bay to the Cuban people.
The camp’s status is extremely dubious, not only according to
international law, but even by domestic U.S. standards. The government
argues that those detained there are not entitled to certain rights
under U.S. laws.
On January 29, 2025, Donald Trump signed an executive order calling to
expand migrant detention centers at Guantánamo
<https://substack.com/redirect/59c4fc7d-7b52-48fb-a468-5651d7b21a3e?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM>.
The National Defense Authorization Act
<https://substack.com/redirect/9db3169f-2ac7-4124-b7e7-b518f1ad46f6?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM>(NDAA)
for 2015 banned the transfers of people imprisoned at Guantánamo Bay to
U.S. soil. It also imposed a “Limitation on construction of new
facilities at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba,” meaning the migrants detained there
are confined in outdated, run-down facilities.
The prison consists of several camps, each with differing security
levels, amounts of transparency, and detainees.
Former President Barack Obama promised to close the prison but never did
in his eight-year presidential run.
In Trump’s first term, he pledged to not only keep the prison open but
to utilize it to imprison more people there.
Former President Joe Biden promised to shut it down, but never did either.
Today, in Trump’s second presidential term, he is sending migrants to
this notorious torture prison.
Nevertheless, this is not the first time a U.S. president has exercised
this power. Therefore, it is essential to understand the history of
Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, and how this territory came to be a U.S. torture camp.
A history of U.S. imperialism in Cuba
The Cuban people have a rich history of opposing the unlawful U.S.
military occupation of Guantánamo Bay.
Cuba fought valiantly for independence from Spain between 1895 and 1898.
After the USS Maine exploded in Havana harbor, killing 270 U.S. sailors,
President McKinley declared war on Spain. Consequently, Cuba’s arduous
fight for freedom was thwarted.
At the end of the war, the United States seized Spain’s former colonies,
Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam, expanding the U.S. empire.
In 1901, U.S. officials oversaw the drafting of Cuba’s constitution,
which included a section known as the Platt Amendment. This granted the
U.S. the right to militarily invade the country whenever it believed
U.S. interests were threatened.
Between 1902 and 1912, Washington dispatched the Marines to Cuba four
times.
Guantánamo Bay was “leased” to the United States in 1903. Although the
U.S. government still controls it to this day, it does not technically
consider it to be U.S. territory, because Washington rents the land from
Cuba.
The Cuban government, however, has long refused to cash the rent checks.
Starting in 1902, Cuba was governed by President Tomás Estrada Palma. He
had initially risen to prominence as a revolutionary fighting against
Spanish rule, but later sought U.S. military intervention from President
Theodore Roosevelt to suppress a worker-led uprising in the tobacco-rich
Pinar del Río Province.
Later, U.S. troops went on to fight other worker-led uprisings in
different towns throughout the country.
As a result, the Platt Amendment set the stage for U.S. imperialism to
intervene in Cuban politics and society, giving them a base to operate
on the island.
An uprising took place in Cuba in 1933, at a time of President Franklin
D. Roosevelt’s “Good Neighbor Policy”. The movement resulted in the
removal of U.S.-backed dictator Gerardo Machado.
The U.S. was forced to repeal the Platt Amendment in 1934. The Cuban
people continued to demand rightful ownership of their land.
Due to its strategic position on the country's southeastern corner,
Guantánamo Bay was initially intended as a coaling and naval station, as
the U.S. Navy expanded worldwide. However, as time passed and the global
class war took center stage with the rise of the Soviet Union,
Guantánamo Bay’s role evolved.
The most controversial use of the territory began after September 11,
2001. The U.S. established a detention center on January 11, 2002, for
militants captured during the “War on Terror.”
The territory’s uncertain legal status is one of the main reasons why
the U.S. chose Guantánamo Bay as a detention site.
While the U.S. occupies Guantánamo Bay, the Cuban government retains
full sovereignty over the soil. Washington has taken advantage of this
legal ambiguity to detain people without complete protection from the
U.S. legal system.
The Military Commissions Act of 2006
<https://substack.com/redirect/7f695bff-4527-43a3-a651-5358c72d17e7?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM>sought
to formalize the prosecution of detainees. Still, it faced legal
challenges, leading to key Supreme Court Rulings, such as Boumediene v.
Bush (2008)
<https://substack.com/redirect/de6739cc-f28c-49c3-b4be-5b92dd50526e?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM>,
which granted detainees the right to habeas corpus.
Guantánamo: A human rights nightmare
Guantánamo Bay has consistently captured the attention of the
international community, facing severe criticism due to allegations of
extreme human rights abuses.
Reports from organizations including Amnesty International and Human
Rights Watch have documented instances of indefinite detention, harsh
interrogation techniques, and the use of torture.
Critics have condemned the detention center for operating outside the
norms of both U.S. constitutional protections and international law.
In 2023, 150 human rights organizations sent an open letter
<https://substack.com/redirect/5eafa4f8-9979-46e6-9a85-1cbc7111fe91?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM>to
then President Joe Biden, organized by the Center for Victims of
Torture, demanding that Guantánamo Bay be closed. They wrote:
Among a broad range of human rights violations perpetrated against
predominantly Muslim communities over the last two decades, the
Guantánamo detention facility — built on the same military base
where the United States unconstitutionally detained Haitian refugees
in deplorable conditions in the early 1990s — is the iconic example
of the abandonment of the rule of law.
The letter noted that it costs approximately $540 million per year to
operate the torture camp, “making Guantánamo the most expensive
detention facility in the world.”
When Haitian refugees fled a 1991 U.S.-backed coup against
democratically elected president Jean-Bertrand Aristide, the United
States sent them to Guantánamo. Then Attorney General William Barr
oversaw the operation. Barr would go on to serve as attorney general
again during Trump’s first presidential term.
Additionally, U.S. authorities sent Cubans seeking asylum to Guantánamo.
At its height, the camp held approximately twelve thousand Haitian
refugees.
Separately, officials confined around 300 Haitian refugees diagnosed as
HIV positive in a separate facility, often referred to as an “HIV prison
camp.” District Court Judge Sterling Johnson Jr. later ruled that this
practice violated the U.S. Constitution.
There are several distinct camps throughout Guantánamo Bay, with 12
publicly acknowledged sites where people are locked up. Camp Iguana,
Camp Echo, Camp 7, and Camp X-Ray are the most notorious.
Running these detention camps is expensive. “Since 2002, it has cost the
United States $6 billion, and the yearly cost of imprisoning each person
is over $13 million,” states a Georgetown University Factsheet Report
<https://substack.com/redirect/163266a5-808e-404e-994d-3dba5622d61a?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM>.
Efforts to close the Guantánamo Bay detention facility have seen
political and logistical challenges throughout the decades.
Former President Obama campaigned to close the facility but failed to do
so. During Obama’s two terms in office, the population fell from 242 to
41 people, but 48 people were designated to indefinite detention.
Public government reports do not mention the secretive immigrant
detention facility, and only recently have details surfaced about its
alarming conditions
<https://substack.com/redirect/a58a71e6-9ae4-4e0a-8247-6a740e749827?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM>.
In February 2024, the New York Times reported, citing the Department of
Homeland Security, that authorities were holding four people at the
secretive facility
<https://substack.com/redirect/c0a8a49b-79c4-4d06-8ecb-cf08a8b03d29?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM>.
When Trump announced the order
<https://substack.com/redirect/232a10e6-6598-4090-99b5-9f39ba06c25a?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM>to
send migrants to Guantánamo Bay, Amnesty International wrote
<https://substack.com/redirect/78084381-112c-41f5-852e-3b52508f5323?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM>:
Guantánamo Bay has been the site of torture, indefinite detention
without charge or trial and other unlawful practices by the U.S.
government. President Trump should be using his authority to finally
close the prison there, not re-purposing the facility for offshore
immigration detention.
How the Democrats are helping Trump
Like in Trump’s first term, Democrats have done very little to assist
working-class families and immigrant communities affected by the
president’s racist executive orders.
A few Democrats have merely offered lip service against the proposal to
send 30,000 migrants to the torture camp at Guantánamo Bay.
Democrats have yet to offer a solution to halt the deportations in the
U.S. that endanger families.
ICE has received orders to achieve a daily quota of 1,200 to 1,500
arrests, leading to numerous raids nationwide.
Moreover, punitive actions, such as cutting federal funding to sanctuary
cities and states led by Democrats, indicate a lack of challenge to
Trump’s policies.
The administration has instructed federal prosecutors to investigate
<https://substack.com/redirect/1d037715-d96b-4b45-8a4b-c4e7844cdfc5?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM>and
possibly file criminal charges against state and local officials who do
not comply with ICE.
Furthermore, by declaring a national border emergency, the
administration can deploy more troops to the U.S.-Mexico border, which
further militarizes and endangers border communities.
Worldwide movement to return the land to Cuba
Each year, a protest takes place on January 11, calling for the U.S.
government to shut down Guantánamo Bay.
The universal demand of human rights activists is to free the remaining
prisoners held there.
The U.S. occupation of Cuba at Guantánamo Bay is a microcosm of
U.S.-Cuba relations. While the Cuban government has long demanded the
return of this territory, the U.S. continues to occupy the bay.
Furthermore, the overwhelming evidence of torture at the detention
centers has exposed the cynicism of the United States’ claim to be a
“beacon of democracy” or “defender of human rights”.
The bay is just one of many areas where the U.S. persistently infringes
on civil rights.
On February 4, 2025, authorities transported the first group of
deportees to Guantánamo Bay by flight, raising questions about the
conditions they would face and the legality of their detention, given
that U.S. laws do not protect people in those facilities.
Ironically, with no serious evidence, the U.S. continues to accuse Cuba
of human rights violations.
In fact, Secretary of State Marco Rubio
<https://substack.com/redirect/d6349a8a-e16c-4c28-84f8-93e242f78f51?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM>blamed
the migration crisis in the country on Cuba’s government and not on the
illegal six-decade-long U.S. embargo
<https://substack.com/redirect/f44d8cf9-601c-42e6-9d03-f01b014b6b04?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM>.
The hypocrisy is clear to the world. It is the U.S. government that
funds and operates a torture camp, conducting daily atrocities on Cuban
soil.
The U.S. occupation of Guantánamo Bay remains a stain on the history of
humanity, an imprint of colonialism that symbolizes torture and human
rights violations.
While Trump is operating an overtly barbarous campaign against
immigrants, refugees, LGBTQ people, and other groups, the continued use
of Guantánamo demonstrates that this is much bigger than just one
president: the United States is a carceral-imperial state.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
/*Abraham Marquez
<https://substack.com/redirect/275208e0-0478-4e8d-bf95-c5ec847c82e5?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM>*is
a freelance writer from Inglewood, California and a member of the
National Association of Hispanic Journalists (NAHJ). He is a 2021 USC
Annenberg Center for Health Journalism fellow, and writes about social
movements, sports, politics, and immigration. You can follow him on
Twitter at @AbeMarquez3
<https://substack.com/redirect/6637d6ff-03d0-40b6-a5d8-0d1e0c871a99?j=eyJ1IjoibHZwcGIifQ.9RIwWbE6EVIB7Jy8lfazxZKfps8R18neRGMKwOiqnRM>./
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Restack
<https://substack.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.f6Fgr3GXF1MszLlLP5jPHUsA15-7kXZIWPr6BcF5i8k?&utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email>
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