[News] Israeli Damage to Archives, Libraries, and Museums in Gaza, October 2023–January 2024
Anti-Imperialist News
news at freedomarchives.org
Mon Feb 5 11:16:50 EST 2024
librarianswithpalestine.org
<https://librarianswithpalestine.org/gaza-report-2024/>
Israeli Damage to Archives, Libraries, and Museums in Gaza, October
2023–January 2024 – Librarians and Archivists with Palestine
February 1, 2024
------------------------------
A Preliminary Report from Librarians and Archivists with Palestine
Download a PDF of the report here
<https://librarianswithpalestine.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/LAP-Gaza-Report-2024.pdf>
.
The destruction of cultural heritage in Gaza impoverishes the collective
identity of the Palestinian people, irrevocably denies them their history,
and violates their sovereignty. In this report, we offer a partial list of
archives, libraries, and museums in Gaza that have been destroyed, damaged,
or looted by Israeli armed forces since October 7, 2023. This report is
necessarily incomplete. It is very difficult to determine the status of
archives, libraries, and museums in Gaza during the ongoing Israeli
bombardment. Current conditions in Gaza, such as the targeting of
journalists, frequent communication blackouts, and extensive damage to the
built environment pose an immediate threat to safety. Moreover, archivists
and librarians have been repeatedly displaced, injured, or killed, making
it even more difficult to take stock of the damage to cultural heritage. As
a result, it should be assumed that this report represents only a fraction
of the extent of damage and death, not a complete picture.
We compile and offer this information with the understanding that the
erasure of Palestinian culture and history has long been an Israeli tactic
of war and occupation, a means to further limit the self-determination of
the Palestinian people. In 1948, during the Nakba, 30,000 books and
manuscripts were looted from Palestinian homes
<https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/78440>; in 1982, during Israel’s
invasion of Lebanon, Israel looted and confiscated the library and archives
of the Palestine Liberation Organization
<https://palestinianstudies.files.wordpress.com/2017/01/sleiman-2016-the-paper-trail-of-a-liberation-movement.pdf>;
libraries and archives were damaged during the Second Intifada
<http://www.progressivelibrariansguild.org/PL/PL21/049.pdf>, and have
been repeatedly
targeted <https://www.arabnews.com/node/2390636/middle-east> in Gaza.
Furthermore, the intentional destruction of cultural heritage has been
recognized
as a war crime
<https://www.getty.edu/publications/cultural-heritage-mass-atrocities/part-4/25-powderly/>
and prosecuted in the International Criminal Court.
This report joins those issued by Heritage for Peace
<https://www.heritageforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Report-of-the-effects-of-the-last-war-of-2023-on-the-cultural-heritage-in-Gaza-Strip-Palestine-english.pdf>
(November 7, 2023), the Palestinian Ministry of Culture
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf> (December 6,
2023), the Arab Regional Group at the International Council of Monuments
and Sites
<https://drive.google.com/file/d/15rdQo1nrmcSWaBwB21cWbRZPKNPBp8P6/view>
(January 9, 2024), and others. These reports document the destruction of
religious sites, archaeological evidence, cultural institutions, and more.
We bring a focus on libraries, archives, and museums as sites of knowledge,
community spaces, and repositories of cultural heritage. Irreplaceable
historic materials have been lost in the destruction of institutions such
as the Central Archives of Gaza City and the Rafah Museum. The destruction
of libraries represents the loss of not only book collections, but the
efforts of Gaza’s librarians to acquire, care for, and provide access to
reading materials, despite Israel’s ongoing blockade of the Gaza Strip.
Finally, we include information about the librarians and archivists who
have been killed in the ongoing Israeli bombardment. We mourn the deaths of
our colleagues and their families.
February 1, 2024
Librarians and Archivists with Palestine
Archives and Rare Books Central Archives of Gaza City, Gaza City Hall (Gaza
City)
*Description of damage:* Complete destruction from direct shelling, causing
a fire which fully destroyed the archives. The archives contained 150 years
of records pertaining to Gaza’s history.
*Date of damage:* Unknown, first reported November 29, 2023
*Sources:*
- “‘Israel destroyed Central Archives of Gaza City’: Head of Gaza
Municipality
<https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231129-israel-destroyed-central-archives-of-gaza-city-head-of-gaza-municipality/>,”
*Middle East Monitor*, November 29, 2023.
- Majed, Mohammed. “‘Israel destroyed Central Archives of Gaza City’:
Head of Gaza municipality
<https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/-israel-destroyed-central-archives-of-gaza-city-head-of-gaza-municipality/3068555>,”
*Anadolu Ajansi*, November 29, 2023.
- Crean, Rosabel. “Gaza heritage at threat as Israel bombs municipal
buildings, old city
<https://www.newarab.com/news/gaza-heritage-threat-israel-bombs-municipal-buildings>,”
*New Arab*, November 30, 2023.
- “Gaza’s Central Archives building lies in ruins after Israeli air
strike <https://youtu.be/dCNftkL7cx4?feature=shared>,” *Middle East Eye
YouTube, *November 30, 2023.
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 35.
- Osman, Nadda. “Israel-Palestine war: Israeli forces destroy central
archive of Gaza City
<https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-israeli-forces-destroy-central-archive-gaza-city>,”
*Middle East Eye*, December 7, 2023.
- Akkad, Dania. “100 days of war in Gaza: More than 23,000 dead and a
society in ruins
<https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/gaza-war-100-days-more-than-23000-dead-society-ruins>,”
*Middle East Eye*, January 13, 2024.
Omari Mosque and Library (Gaza City)
*Description of damage:* Mosque was completely destroyed, likely including
the library. The mosque was built in the 7th century, and contained one of
the most significant collections of rare books in Palestine, including
works dating to the 14th century. Over 200 manuscripts from the library’s
holdings were digitized in 2022
<https://hmml.org/stories/where-were-working-gaza/>.
*Date of damage:* December 8, 2023
*Sources:*
- Saber, Indlieb Farazi. “A ‘cultural genocide’: Which of Gaza’s
heritage sites have been destroyed?
<https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/14/a-cultural-genocide-which-of-gazas-heritage-sites-have-been-destroyed>”
*Al Jazeera*, January 14, 2024.
- Mulder, Stephennie. “Gaza’s oldest mosque destroyed by Israeli
airstrike
<https://businessmirror.com.ph/2024/01/21/gazas-oldest-mosque-destroyed-by-israeli-airstrike/>,”
*Business Insider*, January 21, 2024. (Also published in *The
Conversation*
<https://theconversation.com/gazas-oldest-mosque-destroyed-in-an-airstrike-was-once-a-temple-to-philistine-and-roman-gods-a-byzantine-and-catholic-church-and-had-engravings-of-jewish-ritual-objects-220203>
on January 17, 2024).
Diana Tamari Sabbagh Library in the Rashad al-Shawa Cultural Center
(Al-Rimal, Gaza City)
*Description of damage:* Complete destruction by Israeli shelling,
including the destruction of tens of thousands of books in the Tamari
Sabbagh Library. The building had been sheltering hundreds of displaced
Palestinians.
*Date of damage:* November 25, 2023
*Sources:*
- Majed, Mohammed. “‘Israel destroyed Central Archives of Gaza City’:
Head of Gaza municipality
<https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/-israel-destroyed-central-archives-of-gaza-city-head-of-gaza-municipality/3068555>,”
*Anadolu Ajansi*, November 29, 2023.
- El Chamaa, Mohamad. “Gazans mourn loss of their libraries: Cultural
beacons and communal spaces
<https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/30/gaza-library-palestinian-culture/>,”
*The Washington Post*, November 30, 2023.
- Roche, Daniel. “Reports by United Nations and Heritage for Peace
reveal many destroyed or damaged cultural heritage sites in Gaza
<https://www.archpaper.com/2023/12/reports-destroyed-or-damaged-cultural-heritage-sites-gaza/>,”
*The Architect’s Newspaper*, December 14, 2023.
- Akkad Dania. “100 days of war in Gaza: More than 23,000 dead and a
society in ruins
<https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/gaza-war-100-days-more-than-23000-dead-society-ruins>,”
*Middle East Eye*, January 13, 2024.
- Saber, Indlieb Farazi. “A ‘cultural genocide’: Which of Gaza’s
heritage sites have been destroyed?
<https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/14/a-cultural-genocide-which-of-gazas-heritage-sites-have-been-destroyed>”
*Al Jazeera*, January 14, 2024.
Enaim Library
*Description of damage:* Destroyed
*Date of damage:* Unknown, first reported December 6, 2023
*Sources:*
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 34.
Gaza Municipal Library (Gaza City)
*Description of damage:* Building caught fire, causing significant damage.
*Date of damage*: Unknown, first reported November 27, 2023
*Sources*:
- Sheehan, Dan. “Gaza’s main public library has been destroyed by
Israeli bombing
<https://lithub.com/gazas-main-public-library-has-been-destroyed/>,”
*Lithub.com*, November 27, 2023.
- Osman, Nadda. “Israel-Palestine war: Gaza’s main public library
destroyed in Israeli bombing
<https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/israel-palestine-war-gaza-public-library-destroyed-bombing>,”
*Middle East Eye*, November 28, 2023.
- El Chamaa, Mohamad. “Gazans mourn loss of their libraries: Cultural
beacons and communal spaces
<https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/30/gaza-library-palestinian-culture/>,”
*The Washington Post*, November 30, 2023.
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 35.
- Moustafa, Laila Hussein. “Opinion: When libraries like Gaza’s are
destroyed, what’s lost is far more than books
<https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-12-12/gaza-library-bombing>,”
*LA Times*, December 12, 2023.
Kana’an Educational Development Institute (Al-Rimal, Gaza City)
*Description of damage:* Destroyed, including a community library.
*Date of damage:* Unknown, first reported December 6, 2023
*Sources:*
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 46.
Lubbud Library
*Description of damage:* Destroyed
*Date of damage:* Unknown, first reported December 6, 2023
Sources:
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 34.
Al-Nahda Library
*Description of damage:* Destroyed
*Date of damage:* Unknown, first reported December 6, 2023
*Sources:*
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 34.
Samir Mansour Bookshop and Library (Gaza City)
*Description of damage:* Severely Damaged
*Date of damage:* October 10, 2023
*Sources:*
- Samir Mansour Bookshop and Library, Post on Instagram
<https://www.instagram.com/p/CyOC9j9MaS6/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==>,
October 10, 2023.
- Zakaria, Sherouk. “Gaza’s iconic bookshop damaged again in Israeli
strike <https://www.arabnews.com/node/2390636/middle-east>,” *Arab News*,
October 13, 2023.
- Resistance News Network (Telegram), PalestineResist,
https://t.me/PalestineResist/22064, undated. Requires account to view.
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 34.
- Saber, Indlieb Farazi. “A ‘cultural genocide’: Which of Gaza’s
heritage sites have been destroyed?
<https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/14/a-cultural-genocide-which-of-gazas-heritage-sites-have-been-destroyed>”
*Al Jazeera*, January 14, 2024.
Al-Shorouq Al-Daem Library
*Description of damage:* Destroyed
*Date of damage:* Unknown, first reported December 6, 2023
*Sources:*
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 34.
University Libraries Islamic University of Gaza Library (Gaza City)
*Description of damage:* Destroyed
*Date of damage:* October 9, 2023
*Sources:*
- Abu Sneineh, Mustafa. “‘Operation Al-Aqsa Flood’ Day 58
<https://mondoweiss.net/2023/12/operation-al-aqsa-flood-day-58-israel-kills-700-in-gaza-over-24-hours-as-palestinians-get-forced-further-south-toward-egypt/>,”
Mondoweiss, December 3, 2023.
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 56.
- “Israel Detonates Last University in Gaza
<https://imemc.org/article/israel-detonates-last-university-in-gaza/>,“
*International
Middle East Media Center*, January 18, 2024.
Al-Israa University Library and National Museum (near Gaza City)
*Description of damage:* Destroyed by controlled detonation by the Israeli
military, including the library and National Museum which contained over
3,000 archeological artifacts. The museum was looted prior to destruction.
*Date of damage:* January 18, 2024.
*Sources:*
- “Israeli Forces Destroy Main Buildings of Al-Israa University in Gaza
<https://www.palestinechronicle.com/israeli-forces-destroy-main-buildings-of-al-israa-university-in-gaza-video/>,”
*The Palestine Chronicle*, January 18, 2024.
- Conley, Julia. “‘This Is Not Self-Defense… This Is Ethnic Cleansing’:
Israel Blows Up Gaza University,
<https://www.commondreams.org/news/genocide-2666995932>” *Common Dreams*,
January 18, 2024.
- Pollock, Laura. “Israel destroys last university in Gaza as strikes
continue
<https://www.thenational.scot/news/24059315.israel-destroys-last-university-gaza-strikes-continue/>,”
*The National*, January 18, 2024.
- “Israel Detonates Last University in Gaza
<https://imemc.org/article/israel-detonates-last-university-in-gaza/>,“
*International
Middle East Media Center*, January 18, 2024.
- “Journalist questions bombing of Gaza university
<https://www.aljazeera.com/program/newsfeed/2024/1/19/journalist-questions-bombing-of-gaza-university>,”
*Al Jazeera*, January 19, 2024.
Al-Quds Open University Library (Gaza City)
*Description of damage:* Damaged
*Date of damage:* Unknown, first reported December 6, 2023
*Sources:*
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 56.
Jawaharlal Nehru Library, Al-Azhar University (Gaza City)
*Description of damage:* University campus was destroyed, though reports do
not mention the library specifically.
*Date of damage:* October 19, 2023
*Sources:*
- O’Malley, Brendan and Wagdy Sawahel. “Israel bombs Gaza university,
alleging use by military
<https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20231012162739531>,”
*University
World News*, October 12, 2023.
- “Israeli air strikes target Gaza’s Al-Azhar University
<https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20231106-israeli-air-strikes-target-gazas-al-azhar-university/>,”
*Middle East Monitor*, November 6, 2023.
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 56.
- Fabian, Emanuel. “IDF says it destroyed buildings containing Hamas
infrastructure at Gaza City’s Al-Azhar University
<https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-it-destroyed-buildings-containing-hamas-infrastructure-at-gaza-citys-al-azhar-university/>,”
*The Times of Israel*, December 8, 2023.
Museums Akkad Museum
*Description of damage:* Damaged. The museum includes about 2,800 artifacts
from prehistoric to modern times.
*Date of damage:* Unknown, first reported November 28, 2023
*Sources:*
- Proctor, Rebecca Anne. “How Israel’s bombing campaign endangers Gaza’s
archaeological treasures
<https://www.arabnews.com/node/2416371/middle-east>,” *Arab News*,
November 28, 2023.
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 49.
Cultural Kararah Museum
*Description of damage:* Severe damage, including the destruction of
display cabinets containing archaeological artifacts.
*Date of damage: * Unknown, first reported December 6, 2023
*Sources:*
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 49.
Deir Al-Balah Museum
*Description of damage:* Partial damage from indirect shelling.
*Date of Damage:* Unknown, first reported November 7, 2023
*Sources:*
- Al-Barsh, Ahmed. “Report on the Impact of the Recent War in 2023 on
the Cultural Heritage in Gaza Strip – Palestine
<https://www.heritageforpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Report-of-the-effects-of-the-last-war-of-2023-on-the-cultural-heritage-in-Gaza-Strip-Palestine-english.pdf>,”
*Heritage for Peace*, November 7, 2023.
- Veltman, Chloe. “More than 100 Gaza heritage sites have been damaged
or destroyed by Israeli attacks
<https://www.npr.org/2023/12/03/1216200754/gaza-heritage-sites-destroyed-israel>,”
*NPR*, December 3, 2023.
Ibrahim Abu Sha’ar Heritage Diwan (Southeast of Rafah)
*Description of damage:* Destroyed, including an extensive collection of
Bedouin heritage.
*Date of damage: *Unknown, first reported December 6, 2023
*Sources: *
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 49.
Khudari Museum
*Description of damage:* Damaged
*Date of damage:* Unknown, first reported December 6, 2023
*Sources: *
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 49.
Al-Qarara Cultural Museum, also known as the Khan Younis Museum (Khan
Younis)
*Description of damage:* Heavily damaged, including complete destruction of
the pottery collection. Museum contains 3,500 archaeological and historical
artifacts, dating back to as far as 4,000 BC.
*Date of damage:* October 2023
*Sources:*
- Resistance News Network (Telegram), PalestineResist,
https://t.me/PalestineResist/22064, undated. Requires account to view.
- Proctor, Rebecca Anne. “How Israel’s bombing campaign endangers Gaza’s
archaeological treasures
<https://www.arabnews.com/node/2416371/middle-east>,” *Arab News*,
November 28, 2023.
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 49.
- Saber, Indlieb Farazi. “A ‘cultural genocide’: Which of Gaza’s
heritage sites have been destroyed?
<https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/14/a-cultural-genocide-which-of-gazas-heritage-sites-have-been-destroyed>”
*Al Jazeera*, January 14, 2024.
Rafah Museum (Rafah)
*Description of damage:* Complete destruction by airstrikes.
*Date of damage:* Early October 2023
*Sources: *
- Veltman, Chloe. “More than 100 Gaza heritage sites have been damaged
or destroyed by Israeli attacks
<https://www.npr.org/2023/12/03/1216200754/gaza-heritage-sites-destroyed-israel>,”
*NPR*, December 3, 2023.
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 49.
- Saber, Indlieb Farazi. “A ‘cultural genocide’: Which of Gaza’s
heritage sites have been destroyed?
<https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/14/a-cultural-genocide-which-of-gazas-heritage-sites-have-been-destroyed>”
*Al Jazeera*, January 14, 2024.
Shahwan Museum
*Description of damage:* Damaged
*Date of damage:* Unknown, first reported December 6, 2023
*Sources:*
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 49.
Martyred Information Workers Abdul Karim Hashash
Writer and advocate for Palestinian heritage advocate, collector of
Palestinian rare books.
*Date of death:* October 23, 2023, with many members of his family.
*Sources: *
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 14.
Bilal Jadallah
Director of the Press House
*Date of death:* November 19, 2023
*Sources:*
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 7.
Doaa Al-Masri
Librarian at the Edward Said Library
*Date of death:* December 7, 2023, with her parents and siblings.
*Sources:*
- Abu Toha, Mosab. Instagram post
<https://www.instagram.com/mosab_abutoha/p/C0kTWrIoHaI/>, December 7,
2023.
- “MECA colleague and friend Doaa Al-Masri killed in Gaza
<http://madisonrafah.org/meca-colleague-and-friend-doaa-al-masri-killed-in-gaza>,”
*Madison-Rafah Sister City Project*, December 10, 2023.
Dr. Jihad Suleiman Al-Masri
Historian and Director of Al-Quds Open University’s Khan Yunis Branch
*Date of death:* October 17, 2023
*Sources:*
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 15.
Iman Abu Saeed
Oral historian at the Tamer Institute for Community Education
*Date of death:* Unknown, with her children Joudi and Ziyad and her husband
Eyad.
*Sources:*
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 27.
Marwan Tarazi
Archivist of Photo Kegham, Kegham Djeghalian’s photography studio
*Date of death:* October 19, 2023, killed with his wife Nihad and infant
granddaughter Alin while sheltering at the Saint Porphyrius Orthodox Church.
*Sources:*
- Botelho, Jessica A., “Former Congressman says family members,
including baby cousin, killed in Israeli airstrike in Gaza
<https://wpde.com/former-us-congressman-says-family-members-including-baby-killed-in-israeli-airstrike-gaza-israel-hamas-war-conflict-attack-justin-amash-saint-porphyrius-orthodox-church-palestinian-christians-dead>,”
*ABC News 15*, October 24, 2023.
- “Israel/OPT: ‘Nowhere safe in Gaza’: Unlawful Israeli strikes
illustrate callous disregard for Palestinian lives,
<https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/11/israel-opt-nowhere-safe-in-gaza-unlawful-israeli-strikes-illustrate-callous-disregard-for-palestinian-lives/>”
*Amnesty International*, November 20, 2024.
- Palestinian Ministry of Culture. *The Second Preliminary Report on the
Cultural Sector Damage*
<https://arablit.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/English-.pdf>, December
6, 2023, pg 10.
- Allam, Hannah. “Songs of grief and defiance fuel Arab solidarity for
Palestinians
<https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/12/27/palestinian-protest-music/>,”
*The Washington Post*, December 27, 2023.
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