[News] How Did a Fateful CIA Coup—Executed 55 Years Ago this February 24—Doom Much of Sub-Saharan Africa?
Anti-Imperialist News
news at freedomarchives.org
Wed Feb 24 11:25:16 EST 2021
https://covertactionmagazine.com/2021/02/24/how-did-a-fateful-cia-coup-executed-55-years-ago-this-february-24-doom-much-of-sub-saharan-africa/
<https://covertactionmagazine.com/2021/02/24/how-did-a-fateful-cia-coup-executed-55-years-ago-this-february-24-doom-much-of-sub-saharan-africa/>
How Did a Fateful CIA Coup—Executed 55 Years Ago this February 24—Doom
Much of Sub-Saharan Africa?
Charles Quist-Adade, Ph.D.- February 24, 2021
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, former Prime Minister of Ghana and Pan-Africanist
visionary who was voted as “Africa’s Man of the Millennium.”
<https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/highlights/000914_nkrumah.shtml>
[Source: africanglobe.net
<https://www.africanglobe.net/featured/dr-kwame-nkrumah/>]
Fifty-five years ago on this day, the fate of Africa was irrevocably
altered when the CIA sponsored a 1966 coup d’état against Dr. Kwame
Nkrumah, former Prime Minister of Ghana and Pan-Africanist visionary who
was voted as “Africa’s Man of the Millennium.”
<https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/highlights/000914_nkrumah.shtml>
At least 1,600 Ghanaians died in the coup and scores more were injured.^[1]
Kwame Nkrumah receives the news of the coup d’état on February 24, 1966,
during his peace mission in Asia. [Source: adomonline.com
<https://www.adomonline.com/how-nkrumah-received-news-of-his-coup-photo/>]
Nkrumah wrote in his book /Dark Days in Ghana/ that
It has been one of the tasks of the CIA and other similar
organizations to discover … potential quislings and traitors in our
midst, and to encourage them, by bribery and the promise of
political power, to destroy the constitutional government of their
countries.^[2]
Nkrumah’s detractors dismissed his claims in /Dark Days in Ghana/ as
delusional and an excuse for his mismanagement of the country through
his dictatorial leadership.
But in 1999, Nkrumah’s claim was borne out when the U.S. government
declassified the Western-orchestrated plot
<https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Document:US_Role_in_Nkrumah_Overthrow>
to get rid of the man who was “doing more to undermine our interests
than any other black African.”^[3]
Rioters during the February 24, 1966 coup in Ghana. [Source: madison.com
<https://madison.com/1966-ghana-coup/image_a70d6b6c-f9e1-11e6-ad8e-53523668e75f.html>]
The U.S. government was determined to depose Nkrumah before he managed
to unite Africa under one government, working with allies such as Great
Britain and Canada to finance, mastermind, and guide the coup.^[4]
Ghanaians take to the streets during the coup. [Source: histclo.com
<https://www.histclo.com/country/afr/gha/hist/cg-hist.html>]
According to the U.S. State Department at the time, Nkrumah’s
“overpowering desire to export his brand of nationalism unquestionably
made Ghana one of the foremost practitioners of subversion in Africa.”
Nkrumah’s Bureau of African Affairs allegedly had 100 agents supporting
nationalist and … opposition movements in such African states as the
Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, Niger, Togo, Senegal, Cameroon, Liberia
and Nigeria with the ultimate goal of assisting more radical
elements in gaining power and ultimately of achieving a Nkrumah
monopoly in Africa.^[5]
Ghana and surrounding countries. [Source: google.com
<https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ghana/@2.1343761,7.3488788,5z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0xfd75acda8dad6c7:0x54d7f230d093d236!8m2!3d7.946527!4d-1.023194?hl=en>]
He was even mounting an offensive against apartheid South Africa,
furnishing money and sabotage training to “extremists” in the African
National Congress (ANC) bent on overthrowing the white supremacist
regime.^[6]
In the years leading to the coup, the State Department withheld loans to
Ghana and worked to lower world cocoa prices through stockpiling in
order to deprive Nkrumah of foreign exchange.^[7] The British press
reported that 40 CIA officers operated out of the U.S. Embassy
“distributing largesse among President Nkrumah’s secret adversaries,”
and that their work “was fully rewarded.”^[8]
John W.K. Harlley
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Willie_Kofi_Harlley>, a main coup
plotter, was “an excellent [U.S.] embassy contact for important police
matters,” who profited from diamond smuggling.^[9]
Coup plotter John W.K. Harlley, who appears to have been a CIA “asset.”
[Source: youtube.com
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=V3gPDvtde4g>]
According to Nkrumah, Harlley orchestrated the coup to block
investigation into his corrupt practices by Attorney General Geoffrey
Bing, who was detained after the coup, and whose secretary was forced to
destroy records of the investigation.
Harlley in turn claimed that he launched the coup because he had proof
of corrupt practices by Nkrumah and his ministers, and that the coup was
thus a legal act.^[10]
CIA Deputy Director Ray Cline had advocated for “discreet contact with
opposition groups outside Ghana,” and with members of the armed forces.
He devised a scheme calling for “illegal seizure of control by
Convention People’s Party (CPP) radicals” in the event of the “death or
removal from office of the president” which would force a “strong
reaction” among the military against the radicals; an immediate period
of confusion and uncertainty might follow, with a power vacuum that
would “seem to offer the greatest possibility for the introduction of
external influences.”^[11]
On February 6, 1964, when the coup against Dr. Kwame Nkrumah was being
planned, William C. Trimble, then director of the State Department’s
West African Desk, wrote a memo to his bosses entitled “Proposed Action
Program for Ghana,” which said in part:
Although Nkrumah’s leftward progress cannot be checked or reversed,
it could be slowed down by a well-conceived and executed action
program. Measures which we might take against Nkrumah would have to
be carefully selected in order not to weaken pro-Western elements in
Ghana or adversely affect our prestige and influence elsewhere on
the continent. U.S. pressure, if appropriately applied, could induce
a chain reaction, eventually leading to Nkrumah’s downfall. Chances
of success could be greatly enhanced if the British could be induced
to act in concert with us.^*^[12] *
Baffour Ankomah, the editor of /New Africa Magazine/, goes on to note:
Intensive efforts should be made through psychological warfare and
other means to diminish support for Nkrumah within Ghana and nurture
the conviction among the Ghanaian people that their country’s
welfare and independence necessitates his removal.
John McCone, CIA Director from 1961 to 1965. [Source: wikipedia.org
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._McCone>]
A year later, the policy had worked so well that the American Ambassador
in Ghana, William Mahoney, was able to tell the CIA director, John
McCone, at a meeting in McCone’s office on March 11, 1965, “popular
opinion is running strongly against Nkrumah, and the economy is in a
precarious state.” ^[13]
Prior to the declassification, John Stockwell, a CIA officer in Africa
had recounted the plot to undermine Nkrumah’s government and to sow
anti-Nkrumah sentiments among Ghanaians.
Former CIA agent and whistleblower John Stockwell. [Source:
aboriginalwriter.wordpress.com
<https://aboriginalwriter.wordpress.com/2014/10/01/the-origin-of-aids-according-to-former-cia-officer-john-stockwell-top-secret-writers-conspiracy-theory-strange-stories-and-truth/>]
Stockwell wrote:
Howard Bane, who was the CIA station chief in Accra, engineered the
overthrow of Kwame Nkrumah. Inside the CIA it was quite clear.
Howard Bane got a double promotion, and was awarded the Intelligence
Star for the overthrow of Kwame. The magic of it was that Howard
Bane had enough imagination and drive to run this operation without
ever documenting what he was doing and there wasn’t one shred of
paper that was generated that would name the CIA hierarchy as being
responsible.^*^[14] *
Recent research conducted by Yves Engler shows that the Canadian
government played a major role in this conspiracy against Nkrumah.
Engler writes:
As the 1960s wore on Nkrumah’s government became increasingly
critical of London and Washington’s support for the white minority
in southern Africa. Ottawa had little sympathy for Nkrumah’s
pan-African ideals and so it made little sense to continue training
the Ghanaian Army if it was, in Kilford’s words, to ‘be used to
further Nkrumah’s political aims.’ Kilford continued his thought,
stating: ‘that is unless the Canadian government believed that in
time a well-trained, professional Ghana Army might soon remove
Nkrumah.’^*^[15] *
Ghanaian coup plotters. [Source: medium.com
<https://medium.com/@celineakosuahenry/lets-talk-coup-d%C3%A9tat-s-the-national-liberation-council-coup-d-etat-ghana-1966-8f2e515171ae>]
On the day of the coup, the CIA and British intelligence spread stories
that 11 Russian security men had been killed defending the presidential
house, but a mortician testified that the only white corpse he examined
had died of natural causes.^[16]
Robert Komer, then a deputy national security adviser and later the head
of the Phoenix program in Vietnam, wrote a congratulatory assessment to
President Lyndon B. Johnson on March 12, 1966 that
the coup in Ghana is another example of a fortuitous windfall.
Nkrumah was doing more to undermine our interests than any other
black African. In reaction to his strongly pro-Communist leanings,
the new military regime is almost pathetically pro-Western.^[17]
Robert Komer and Lyndon B. Johnson. [Source: wikipedia.org
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Komer#/media/File:Lyndon_Johnson_and_Robert_Komer.jpg>]
The U.S. embassy had long played up Nkrumah’s alleged economic
mismanagement and poor human rights record, although it tolerated a
higher number of political prisoners among the military junta which
succeeded him and worse economic outcomes.
The National Liberation Council (NLC) that took over was advised by
Harvard University economist Gustav Papanek, who was fresh from a stint
in Indonesia. He recommended the privatization of state-owned
businesses, enabling the restoration of foreign dominance of Ghana’s
economy, as the country was reoriented toward the West.^[18]
Harvard University economist Gustav Papanek [Source: bide.com
<http://www.bide.com/Experts/Papanek.htm>]
Governmental corruption in the illicit diamond trade was rife and
strikes were brutally suppressed by USAID-trained police under the new
order.^[19]
The /New York Times/ reported that the coup caused a “wild day” in cocoa
futures, with prices rising and speculators rushing in to take their
profits; the cancellation of cocoa deals with Eastern bloc countries
made the commodity more widely available for sale to Western markets.^[20]
American ambassador, Franklin H. Williams, a black pioneer in the State
Department, considered the coup the “greatest opportunity we have had to
date to enhance U.S. policy objectives in Africa,”^[21] which were
deeply unpopular.
One of the main coup plotters wrote less than a year after the coup that
“the irony of the present situation is that it is quite probable that
President Nkrumah and the CPP would command the support of a majority of
the electorate … in genuinely free elections. It is a pity that it is
not possible to test this hypothesis.”^[22]
*A Man of Destiny*
Nkrumah was born in the small village of Nkroful in the western region
of the Gold Coast (now Ghana) probably on September 21, 1909.^[23] His
precocious mind led him to gain admission to Lincoln University in
Pennsylvania, one of the premier historically black colleges in the
U.S.^[24]
As he grew into adulthood, Nkrumah developed a noble vision for Africa
and the Black race. He saw the metropolises of Africa becoming the
headquarters of science, technology, and medicine. He saw in Africa a
giant hypnotized, rendered dormant by years of foreign tutelage and
exploitation, and he sought to awaken this giant.
Kwame Nkrumah as a young man. [Source: facebook.com
<https://www.facebook.com/omgvoice/posts/3737326356319488?comment_id=3737439739641483>]
In hindsight, Nkrumah can be seen as one of the most illustrious makers
of modern Africa and among the most ardent and consistent advocates of
the unity of the Black race after Marcus Garvey.
Marcus Garvey [Source: blackpast.org
<https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1923-marcus-garvey-last-word-incarceration/>]
But time and his contemporaries were not on his side. As celebrated
British historian Basil Davidson put it: Nkrumah lived far ahead of his
time.
Dr. Kwame Nkrumah with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., in Accra, capital of
Ghana. [Source: globalresearch.ca
<https://www.globalresearch.ca/ghana-and-the-1966-coup-against-kwame-nkrumah-the-role-of-african-americans-in-the-african-revolution/5508043>]
Of course, Nkrumah, was not a paragon of political virtue; he made
mistakes, including his allowing bootlickers and sycophants in his party
to make a god out of him and to tear him away from the ordinary
people.^[25] But the positives greatly outweigh the negatives.
Nkrumah’s single-minded desire to make Africa the proud home of all
people of African descent dispersed around the world brought him to work
with many leaders and architects of the Pan-Africanist movement,
including W.E.B. Du Bois of the United States, George Padmore of
Trinidad, Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya, and Nnamdi Azikiwe of Nigeria.
He was one of the organizers of the historic 5^th Pan-African Congress
in Manchester, England, in 1945.
Photo of participants at 5th Pan-African Congress in Manchester, 1945.
[Source: aiucentre.wordpress.com
<https://aiucentre.wordpress.com/2019/03/14/the-1945-pan-african-congress-manchester-and-the-fight-for-equality/>]
It proved decisive in the struggle against foreign rule in Africa and
against racial oppression in the West and demonstrated a remarkable
unity between continental Africans and Africans in the Diaspora.^[26]
Not only did Nkrumah bring Pan-Africanism to its natural home when he
returned to the Gold Coast after his sojourn in America and England to
lead the independence movement, he also established and sustained until
the end of his regime a link between the continent and the Diaspora.
He borrowed many brilliant ideas from his inspirer and admirer Marcus
Garvey, including the Black Star as a national symbol (displayed in the
center of Ghana’s flag as well as taken as the names of the country’s
shipping line and soccer team).
He made Padmore his adviser and invited the grand old man of
Pan-Africanism, Du Bois, to live out his last days in Ghana.
Dr. Kwame Nkrumah and W. E. B. DuBois on DuBois’s 95^th birthday in
1963. [Source: credo.library.umass.edu
<https://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-i0746>]
In Africa, Nkrumah attempted to form the kernel of his pet dream—the
United States of Africa—with Sekou Touré of Guinea, Modibo Kieta of
Mali, and Patrice Lumumba of the Democratic Republic of Congo.^[27]
Nkrumah flanked by Modiba Keita of Mali on his left and Sekou Touré of
Guinea on his right [Source: modernghana.com]
<https://www.modernghana.com/news/978547/the-profound-love-skou-tour-had-for-nkrumah-whic.html>
Nkrumah with Patrice Lumumba. [Source: twitter.com
<https://twitter.com/seroke_jaki/status/1203779726160121861>]
Without doubt, Nkrumah ranks among the greatest political figures of the
20^th century. An indefatigable champion of world peace, advocate and
spokesman of the Non-Aligned Movement, it is ironic that his government
was overthrown in the violent CIA-masterminded coup while he was on his
way to Hanoi to negotiate a peaceful settlement to the U.S. war in Vietnam.
His courageous and tactical leadership (Gandhian non-violent passive
resistance or what he termed “positive action” leadership) led to the
wresting of the political independence of his country from Britain, the
first such achievement in sub-Saharan Africa.
Ghana’s independence not only became the powder-keg that ignited a
continental revolution against European imperialism, Nkrumah also
consciously made his newly liberated country the powerhouse of the
African revolution.
Nkrumah’s revolutionary and pan-Africanist ideas swept across the entire
continent, from Casablanca to Cape Town.
Consistent with his independence-day declaration that the independence
of Ghana was meaningless unless it was linked with the total liberation
of the entire African continent, Nkrumah trained African liberation
fighters, financed their movements, and encouraged them to dislodge
colonial rule from their territories.
It was no wonder that in less than a decade after Ghana’s independence
in 1957, more than 90 per cent of African countries had attained their
own independence.
All of Nkrumah’s adult life was devoted to one and only one passion—the
liberation and unity of the African race. He lived, dreamed, and died
for this ideal. His passion and quest for a continental union government
prompted his enemies to brand him a dreamer, a megalomaniac, an African
Don Quixote.
But judging from the parlous state of the continent’s 54 desperate,
dispirited, non-viable countries today, Nkrumah’s call for the formation
of a United States of Africa government was a wise one, if brazen at the
time.
The largely ineffective African Union is testimony to Nkrumah’s warning
that only a continental government of political and economic unity could
save the continent from the encircling gloom spawned by enraging
internecine civil wars, civil strife, famine, and disease.^[28]
Nkrumah argued forcefully that only a federal state of Africa, based on
a common market, a common currency, a unified army (an African High
Command), and a common foreign policy could provide the launching pad
for not only a massive reconstruction and modernization of the
continent, but also could optimize Africa’s efforts to find its rightful
place in the international arena and so effectively checkmate internal
conflicts, fend off superpower interference, and predatory and
imperialistic wars.^[29]
*What Might Have Been*
From the moment that Nkrumah ascended to power in Ghana, as its
country’s first post-colonial leader, the CIA’s eyes were tracking him
and what was happening in Ghana from faraway Virginia.
According to Baffour Ankomah, in December 1957, just nine months into
independence, the CIA issued a report on Ghana which was distributed
within the American government and intelligence community.^[30]
Prescient, the report states that “the fortunes of Ghana—the first
tropical African country to gain independence—will have a huge impact on
the evolution of Africa and Western interests there.”^[31]
Nkrumah interacting with members of parliament in the late 1950s.
[Source: indepthnews.net]
<https://www.indepthnews.net/index.php/the-world/africa/2656-ghanaians-reflect-on-legacy-of-former-president-nkrumah>
It did not take long for that prediction to come true. Within ten years
of Ghana’s independence, 31 other African countries had gained their own
independence.
And Nkrumah’s Ghana (which, in his own words, “we have got to make our
little country an example for the rest of Africa”) had had a huge role
in liberating Africa. He set up training camps in Ghana for African
freedom fighters, and through financial, political, and other support,
Nkrumah’s Ghana kept the African liberation torch burning brightly.
True to his electoral promises, Nkrumah went to work putting the
economic and social fundamentals in place. This encouraged the people to
work even harder.
Nkrumah firmly believed that political independence was meaningless
without economic independence.^[32]
Thus, by the time he was overthrown in the CIA-inspired coup, Ghana had
68 sprawling state-owned factories producing every need of the
population—from shoes, to textiles, to furniture, to lorry tires, to
canned fruits, vegetables, and beef; to glass, to radio and TV; to
books, to steel, to educated manpower, virtually everything!^[33]
Nkrumah wanted to industrialize Ghana within a generation, and
everything was on course until the Americans and their British cousins
(according to their own declassified documents) used some disgruntled
and self-serving Ghanaian soldiers to stage that terrible coup on
February 24, 1966 that truncated Ghana’s progress. It was a major
setback, not only for Ghana but the whole of Africa!
As Baffour Ankomah rightly observes: “If Nkrumah had been allowed to
complete his industrialization plan, Ghana would today have been another
Malaysia on the west coast of Africa, and the modern doomsayers who now
mock at Ghana by showing us the bright lights in Kuala Lumpur, would not
dare show their warped tongues!”^[34]
But Nkrumah was overthrown, and we are now left with nostalgia and what
might have been.
After the coup, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) rubbed salt into
our injuries by sending a delegation to Accra to tell the military junta
to discontinue Nkrumah’s industrialization program, which they did.
And, as a reward, some of them got airports named after them! Today, 55
years after the coup, almost every Ghanaian (except those still
suffering from acute blindness and amnesia) now realizes our great
loss.^[35]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] Kwame Nkrumah, /Dark Days in Ghana/ (New York: International
Publishers, 1969).
[2] Nkrumah, /Dark Days in Ghana/; John Stockwell, /In Search of
Enemies: A CIA Stor/y. (New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 1984), 201.
[3] https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Document:US_Role_in_Nkrumah_Overthrow
<https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Document:US_Role_in_Nkrumah_Overthrow>
[4] Document:US Role in Nkrumah Overthrow
<https://wikispooks.com/wiki/Document:US_Role_in_Nkrumah_Overthrow>
[5] “Ghanaian Subversives in Africa,” February 9, 1962; “For Mac Bundy,
State Department Draft Study on Ghana” RG 59, Gen. Records of the
Department of State, Records of the Bureau of African Affairs,
1958-1966, National Archives, College Park, Maryland (hereafter “NA”),
box 65.
[6]Olcott Deming to Mr. Fredericks, “CAS Report on Sabotage in South
Africa,” January 11, 1962, RG 59, Gen. Records of the Department of
State, Records of the Bureau of African Affairs, 1958-1966, NA, box 50.
Joe Matthews was one of the “extremists” who received $10,000 from Ghana
for anti-government operations in Basutoland.
[7]Nkrumah, /Dark Days in Ghana/, 95.
[8] These CIA officers included Thomas J. Gunning, Edward Foy, both
former army intelligence officers, William B. Edmundson and Ms. Stella
Davis. Kwesi Kwaa Prah, /The Social Background of Coups D’état (Brazil,
Indonesia, Ghana)/. Center for Advanced Studies of University of
Amsterdam, 1973; Stockwell, /In Search of Enemies/; Richard Mahoney,
/JFK: Ordeal in Africa/ (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983);
Seymour Hersh, “CIA Said to Have Aided Plotters Who Overthrew Nkrumah in
Ghana,” in /Dirty Work 2: The CIA in Africa/, Ellen Ray and William
Schaap, Eds. (Secaucus, NJ: Lyle Stuart, 1979); C.M. Jones to Marvyn
Brown, “British Embassy Paris,” March 3, 1966, British National
Archives, Kew Gardens.
[9]American embassy Accra to Dean Rusk, Secretary of State, February 26,
1966, RG 59, Gen. Record of the Department of State, Records of the
Bureau of African Affairs, 1958-1966, NA, box 2236; Nkrumah, /Dark Days
in Ghana/, 42-43.
[10] See Geoffrey Bing, /Reap the Whirlwind: An Account of Kwame
Nkrumah’s Ghana from 1950 to 1966/ (London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1968).
[11]Ray S. Cline, Deputy Director Intelligence, Memo for Director
Intelligence and Research, Department of State, January 29, 1963, “State
Department Draft Study on Ghana” RG 59, Gen. Records of the Department
of State, Records of the Bureau of African Affairs, 1958-1966, NA, box 2139.
[12]
https://www.modernghana.com/news/116308/24th-february-a-dark-day-in-our-national-history.html
<https://www.modernghana.com/news/116308/24th-february-a-dark-day-in-our-national-history.html>.
Accessed on January 28, 2021.
[13]
https://www.modernghana.com/news/116308/24th-february-a-dark-day-in-our-national-history.html
<https://www.modernghana.com/news/116308/24th-february-a-dark-day-in-our-national-history.html>.
Accessed on January 28, 2021.
[14]
https://www.modernghana.com/news/363669/the-cia-kwame-nkrumah-and-the-destruction-of-ghana.html
<https://www.modernghana.com/news/363669/the-cia-kwame-nkrumah-and-the-destruction-of-ghana.html>
[15] As cited in Yves Engler (2015)
https://www.pambazuka.org/pan-africanism/canada%E2%80%99s-role-overthrow-kwame-nkrumah
<https://www.pambazuka.org/pan-africanism/canada%E2%80%99s-role-overthrow-kwame-nkrumah>
Accessed on January 28, 2021.
[16] Hersh, “CIA Said to Have Aided Plotters Who Overthrew Nkrumah in
Ghana,” in /Dirty Work 2/, Ray and Schaap, Eds.
[17] “The CIA, Kwame Nkrumah and the Destruction of Ghana,” November 28,
2011,
https://www.modernghana.com/news/363669/the-cia-kwame-nkrumah-and-the-destruction-of-ghana.html
<https://www.modernghana.com/news/363669/the-cia-kwame-nkrumah-and-the-destruction-of-ghana.html>;
Kwame Nkrumah, /Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism/ (New
York: International Publishers, 1965), 4.
[18]“Detainee Describes Experience in Prison,” American embassy
document, June 23, 1966; “Seventy More Persons Released from Protective
Custody,” December 8, 1966; RG 59, U.S. State Department, Africa
Bureau, NA, box 2237; Prah, /The Social Background of Coups d’état
(Brazil, Indonesia, Ghana)/ (Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam, 1973).
After the coup investors flocked into the country, including William H.
Beatty, Vice President of Chase Manhattan Bank, who spoke of new
favorable investment conditions as a result of the remarkable strides
made since the coup.
[19]See Jeremy Kuzmarov, /Modernizing Repression: Police Training and
Nation Building in the American Century /(Amherst, MA: University of
Massachusetts Press, 2012), ch. 8. British colonial police officers and
Israeli Mossad also trained the Ghanaian police, working closely with
Harlley. L.A. Hicks, “The Ghana Police Service,” September 1969, British
National Archives, FCO 065/119, Kew Gardens.
[20] Elizabeth M. Fowler, “Commodities,” /New York Times/, February 25,
1966, 46.
[21]“New Decree Gives Police Powers to Army Officers,” American embassy
Accra, December 25, 1966; American embassy Accra, March 26, 1966, RG 59,
Gen. Record of the Department of State, Records of the Bureau of African
Affairs, 1958-1966, NA, box 2236; Richard Eder, “U.S. Officials Show No
Regret Over the Removal of Nkrumah,” /New York Times/, February 24, 1966.
[22] Ahmad Rahman, /The Regime Change of Kwame Nkrumah: Epic Heroism in
Africa and the Diaspora/ (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), xiii.
[23] Charles Quist-Adade, “Kwame Nkrumah, the Big Six, and the Fight for
Ghana’s Independence,” Journal of Pan-African Studies, 1, 9 (August
2007), available at:
https://law-journals-books.vlex.com/vid/kwame-nkrumah-fight-ghana-independence-60327957
<https://law-journals-books.vlex.com/vid/kwame-nkrumah-fight-ghana-independence-60327957>
[24] Rahman, /The Regime Change of Kwame Nkrumah/, ix.
[25] Quist-Adade, “Kwame Nkrumah, the Big Six, and the Fight for Ghana’s
Independence.” See also Ruth First, /Power in Africa/ (New York:
Pantheon Books, 1970).
[26] Quist-Adade, “Kwame Nkrumah, the Big Six, and the Fight for Ghana’s
Independence.”
[27] Quist-Adade, “Kwame Nkrumah, the Big Six, and the Fight for Ghana’s
Independence.”
[28] Quist-Adade, “Kwame Nkrumah, the Big Six, and the Fight for Ghana’s
Independence.”
[29] Quist-Adade, “Kwame Nkrumah, the Big Six, and the Fight for Ghana’s
Independence.”
[30] As cited in Baffpir Ankomah, “Ghana Celebrates, Africa Rejoices,”
/New African, /Issue 460, March 2007.
[31] Kwame Nkrumah, /Axioms of Kwame Nkrumah/ (London: Panaf Books, 1980).
[32] Baffour Ankomah, “Ghana Celebrates, Africa Rejoices,” /New
African/, Issue 460, March 2007.
[33] Ankomah, “Ghana Celebrates, Africa Rejoices.”
[34] Ankomah, “Ghana Celebrates, Africa Rejoices.”
[35] Charles Quist-Adade, “The Coup That Set Ghana and Africa Fifty
Years Back,” Pambazuka News, March 2, 2016,
https://www.pambazuka.org/governance/coup-set-ghana-and-africa-50-years-back
<https://www.pambazuka.org/governance/coup-set-ghana-and-africa-50-years-back>.
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About the Author
<https://covertactionmagazine.com/author/charlesquist-adade/>
Charles Quist-Adade, Ph.D., is an award-winning educator, author,
researcher, and social justice specialist and advocate.
He currently teaches sociology at Alexander College in Burnaby, British
Columbia, Canada.
He combines academic work with community service, providing leadership
and advice to Black organizations in British Columbia’s Lower Mainland,
including the Ghanaian-Canadian Association of BC, African Stages
Association of BC, Great Lakes Networking Society of BC, and
Africa-Canada Education Foundation.
Charles can be reached at cquistadade at gmail.com
<mailto:cquistadade at gmail.com>.
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